PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE
Portuguese
portuguese language is a Romance language portuguese language and the soles authoritative language of Portugal portuguese language , Brazil portuguese language , Mozambique portuguese language , Angola portuguese language , Cape Verde portuguese language , Guinea-Bissau portuguese language and São Tomé and Príncipe portuguese language . portuguese language It besides has co-official language status in East Timor portuguese language , Equatorial Guinea portuguese language , and Macau portuguese language . As the prove of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of lusitanian and Portuguese creole portuguese language speakers are besides open in Goa portuguese language , Daman portuguese language and Diu portuguese language in India; portuguese language in Batticaloa portuguese language on the easter glide of Sri Lanka portuguese language , in the Indonesian island of Flores portuguese language , and in Malacca portuguese language in Malaysia portuguese language .
Spanish write Miguel de Cervantes portuguese language formerly label lusitanian "the sweetest and recherche language" and Spanish playwright Lope de Vega portuguese language referred to it as "sweet", while the Brazilian writer Olavo Bilac portuguese language poetically described it as "a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela" . lusitanian is besides name "the language of Camões", aft one of the superior literary rating in the lusitanian language, Luís Vaz de Camões portuguese language . portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language
restrict 1 History portuguese language
2 geographical distribution portuguese language 2.1 authoritative status portuguese language
2.2 Population of countries and jurisdictions of lusitanian authoritative or co-official language portuguese language
2.3 lusitanian as a afield language portuguese language
2.4 Future portuguese language 3 Dialects portuguese language 3.1 Brazil portuguese language
3.2 Portugal portuguese language
3.3 variant countries portuguese language
3.4 Characterization and peculiarities portuguese language 4 Vocabulary portuguese language
5 Classification and think languages portuguese language 5.1 Galician-Portuguese in Spain portuguese language
5.2 manipulate on variant languages portuguese language
5.3 derives languages portuguese language 6 Phonology portuguese language 6.1 Vowels portuguese language
6.2 Consonants portuguese language 7 Examples of other pronunciation portuguese language
8 Grammar portuguese language
9 Writing system portuguese language 9.1 recite reforms portuguese language 10 See also portuguese language
11 Notes portuguese language
12 References portuguese language 12.1 Literature portuguese language
12.2 Phonology, orthography and grammar portuguese language
12.3 write dictionaries portuguese language
12.4 lingual studies portuguese language 13 outermost links portuguese language
When the Romans land in the Iberian Peninsula portuguese language in 216 BCE, they travel the Latin language portuguese language with them, from which all act languages descend. The language was distributed by get romanic soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who perform Roman portuguese language cities largely happen the settlements of preceding Celtic portuguese language or Celtiberian portuguese language civilizations open desire earlier the romanic arrivals.
lusitanian evolved from the mediaeval language, characterized nowadays by linguists as Galician-Portuguese portuguese language or Old lusitanian or Old Galician, of the northbound mediaeval Kingdom of Galicia portuguese language , the archetypal among the Christian kingdoms aft the be of the Reconquista portuguese language of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. It is in Latin administrative record of the 9th century that graphic Galician-Portuguese express and convey are first recorded. This phasing is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal portuguese language from the Kingdom of León, by sometime decide finished Galicia. portuguese language lusitanian was heavily influenced by more than a millennium of perennial motion with any dialects of any Oïl portuguese language and Occitan portuguese language language groups, in lexicon , phonology and orthography. portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language The manipulate of Occitan has appeared most attach doner the status Provençal in specific succeed in southbound Europe approximately the troubadour portuguese language apex in the put Ages, when Galician-Portuguese lyric portuguese language was developed. Aside the operating manipulate of Provençal literature, the presence of languages from modern-day France in the Galician-Portuguese area was besides strongest due to the overrides of the House of Burgundy portuguese language , the establishment of the request of Cluny portuguese language and Cister portuguese language , the galore sections portuguese language of the Way of St. James portuguese language pilgrimage transport that happen from elsewhere in Europe out of the Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement in Iberia of populate from the variant sides of the Pyrenees, arriving during and after the Reconquista portuguese language . portuguese language portuguese language
In the support period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries portuguese language , the language was work to galore regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas portuguese language . By the mid-16th century, lusitanian had arose a lingua franca portuguese language in Asia and Africa, used not lonesome for colonial administration and marketing but also for communication betwixt topical officials and Europeans of all nationalities.
The end of the Old lusitanian period was attach by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende portuguese language , in 1516. The aboriginal times of contemporary Portuguese, which spans a period from the 16th century to the present day, be characterized by an increase in the be of larn express gotten from Classical Latin portuguese language and Classical Greek portuguese language due to the Renaissance portuguese language , which greatly repaired the lexicon.
geographical distribution portuguese language portuguese language bilingual initial in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi portuguese language , Japan portuguese language . travel immigration of Japanese Brazilians portuguese language has led to a ample Portuguese-speaking community in the town. portuguese language important article: Geographic distribution of Portuguese portuguese language
thither are besides momentous Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in galore countries include Andorra portuguese language , portuguese language Bermuda portuguese language , portuguese language Canada portuguese language portuguese language ), France portuguese language 500,000, portuguese language Japan portuguese language 400,000, portuguese language Jersey portuguese language , portuguese language Namibia portuguese language , portuguese language Paraguay portuguese language , portuguese language Macau portuguese language , portuguese language Switzerland portuguese language , portuguese language Venezuela portuguese language , portuguese language and the USA. , portuguese language
The Community of lusitanian Language Countries portuguese language portuguese language be of the thousand autarkic countries that keep lusitanian as an official language portuguese language : Angola portuguese language , Brazil portuguese language , Cape Verde portuguese language , East Timor portuguese language , Guinea-Bissau portuguese language , Mozambique portuguese language , Portugal portuguese language and São Tomé and Príncipe portuguese language . portuguese language
lusitanian is besides one of the authoritative languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau and of any world organizations, include the Mercosur portuguese language , portuguese language the Organization of Ibero-American States portuguese language , portuguese language the Union of southbound American Nations portuguese language , portuguese language the Organization of American States portuguese language , portuguese language the African Union portuguese language portuguese language and the European Union portuguese language . portuguese language
Population of countries and jurisdictions of lusitanian authoritative or co-official language This convey that the population extant in the Lusophone portuguese language authoritative area is of 261,976,607 inhabitants. This be perform not includes the Lusophone diaspora portuguese language , estimated at approximately 10 cardinal people , although it is ambitious to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens hatched outdoors of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. It is also central to answer that a large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the advanced number of Brazilian and PALOP portuguese language emigrant citizens in Portugal or the advanced be of lusitanian emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil.
The compulsory give of lusitanian language in educate curricula is spy in Uruguay portuguese language portuguese language and Argentina portuguese language . portuguese language variant countries where lusitanian is inform at educate or is be announcing now includes Venezuela portuguese language , portuguese language Zambia portuguese language , portuguese language the Republic of the Congo portuguese language , portuguese language Senegal portuguese language , portuguese language Namibia portuguese language , portuguese language Swaziland portuguese language , portuguese language and South Africa portuguese language . portuguese language
upcoming Since 1991, when Brazil types into the businesslike community of Mercosul portuguese language with other southbound American nations, untold as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela, lusitanian is either mandatory, or taught, in the educate of those southbound American countries.
contemporary modular European Portuguese portuguese language is basing on the lusitanian oral in the area include and hint the cities of Coimbra portuguese language and Lisbon portuguese language , in principal Portugal, while contemporary modular Brazilian Portuguese portuguese language is basing on the lusitanian oral in the area include and hint the city of Rio de Janeiro portuguese language , in southbound Brazil, portuguese language portuguese language which if vanishing from its traditional traits i.e. its strongest European flavor in phonology and prosody, is linguistically a principal between Brazilian dialects and accents.
Audio consume of any dialects and word of lusitanian are approachable below. portuguese language thither are any differences betwixt the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions involves to the designate in local pronunciation.
Brazil Caipira portuguese language portuguese language — oral in the express of São Paulo portuguese language ; southerner Minas Gerais portuguese language , union Paraná portuguese language and southbound Mato Grosso do Sul portuguese language . be on the vision of what graphs caipira, Triângulo Mineiro portuguese language , hint areas of Goiás portuguese language and the remaining move of Mato Grosso do Sul are included, and the frontier of caipira in Minas Gerais is grow favor northerly, though not peak metropolitan Belo Horizonte portuguese language . It is frequently express that caipira been by decreolization portuguese language of the língua brasílica portuguese language and the think língua geral paulista portuguese language , sometime oral in active all of what is now São Paulo, a former lingua franca portuguese language in most of the modern Centro-Sul portuguese language of Brazil earlier the 18th century, travel by the bandeirantes portuguese language , indoor debut of Colonial Brazil portuguese language , intimately think to its union counterpart Nheengatu portuguese language , and that is why the dialect show galore widespread differences from variant variants of the language. portuguese language It has hint bonzer differences in comparison to variant Brazilian dialects in phonology, prosody and grammar, frequently stigmatized portuguese language as be powerfully think with a substandard variant portuguese language , now largely rural. portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language
Cearense or costa norte — is a dialect oral more sharply in the express of Ceará and Piauí. The variant of Ceará includes moderately diagnostic traits it shares with the one oral in Piauí, though, untold as diagnostic regional phonology and vocabulary . portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language
Baiano — open in Bahia portuguese language , Sergipe portuguese language , union Minas Gerais and hint regions with Goiás portuguese language and Tocantins portuguese language . akin to nordestino, it has a dead diagnostic syllable-timed rhythm portuguese language and the superior tendency to pronounced join mid vowels and as open-mid and . portuguese language portuguese language
Variants portuguese language and sociolects portuguese language of Brazilian Portuguese. portuguese language Fluminense portuguese language — A beamy dialect with galore variants oral in the express of Rio de Janeiro portuguese language , Espírito Santo portuguese language and rooms eastbound regions of Minas Gerais portuguese language . Fluminense perform in these antecedently caipira-speaking areas due to the gradual manipulate of European migrants, causing galore populate to distance their speech from their original dialect and integrated new terms. portuguese language Fluminense is sometimes referred to as carioca, nevertheless carioca is a more special titled referring to the word of the Greater Rio de Janeiro portuguese language area by speakers with a fluminense dialect.
Gaúcho — portuguese language , in Rio Grande do Sul portuguese language , similar to sulista. thither are galore distinct word in Rio Grande do Sul, principally due to the heavier influx of European immigrants of diverse origins who keep settled in colonies passim the state, and to the proximity to Spanish-speaking nations portuguese language . The gaúcho vent in itself is a Spanish loanword portuguese language into lusitanian of buried Indigenous Amerindian portuguese language origins. portuguese language portuguese language
Percentage of intercontinental lusitanian speakers per country. Mineiro portuguese language — portuguese language , Minas Gerais portuguese language . As the fluminense area, its think region was erst a sparsely been beach where caipira was spoken, but the discovery of metallic and gems perform it the most plush Brazilian region portuguese language , what attract lusitanian colonists, commoners from variant move of Brazil and their African slaves. South-southwestern, southeastern portuguese language and union areas of the note have moderately diagnostic speech, really approximate to caipira, fluminense and baiano respectively. Areas including and hint Belo Horizonte portuguese language keep a diagnostic accent.
portuguese language Nordestino portuguese language portuguese language — portuguese language , more attach in the Sertão portuguese language , where, in the 19th and 20th centuries and especially in the area including and surrounding the sertão of Pernambuco and southerner Ceará, it could peering fewer understandable to speakers of variant Portuguese dialects than Galician or Rioplatense Spanish portuguese language , and today fewer diagnostic from variant variants in the metropolitan cities along the coasts portuguese language . It can be episodic in two regional variants, one that encompasses the union Maranhão portuguese language and southerner of Piauí portuguese language , and variant that end from Ceará portuguese language to Alagoas portuguese language .
Nortista portuguese language or amazofonia — Most of Amazon Basin portuguese language express i.e. Northern Brazil portuguese language . earlier the 20th century, most people from the nordestino area flee the droughts and their associated poverty settled here, so it has some similarities with the Portuguese dialect thither spoken. The speech in and approximately the city of Belém portuguese language has a more European season in phonology, prosody and grammar.
Paulistano portuguese language — Variants oral approximately Greater São Paulo portuguese language in its maximal definition and more eastbound areas of São Paulo state, as resurfacing maybe "educated speech" from anyplace in the note of São Paulo portuguese language . Caipira is the hinterland sociolect of such of the Central-Southern half portuguese language of Brazil, today blimpish lonesome in the agrarian areas and think with them, that has a historically low prestige portuguese language in cities as Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, and until any years ago, in São Paulo itself. Sociolinguistics portuguese language , or what by meters is described as 'linguistic prejudice portuguese language ', frequently unsuited with classism portuguese language , portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language is a plausible topic in the entirety of the country since the meters of Adoniran Barbosa portuguese language . Also, the "Paulistano" word was heavily affect by the presence of immigrants in the city of São Paulo, particularly the Italians.
Sertanejo — Center-Western states portuguese language , and besides such of Tocantins portuguese language and Rondônia portuguese language . It is nearer to mineiro, caipira, nordestino or nortista be on the location.
Sulista — The variants oral in the areas betwixt the union regions of Rio Grande do Sul portuguese language and southerner regions of São Paulo state, includes most of southern Brazil portuguese language . The city of Curitiba portuguese language perform keep a moderately antithetic word as well, and a relational majority of speakers approximately and in Florianópolis portuguese language besides covenant this other . Speech of union Paraná is nearer to that of indoor São Paulo.
Florianopolitano portuguese language — Variants heavily affect by European lusitanian oral in Florianópolis portuguese language city and such of its metropolitan area, Grande Florianópolis portuguese language , express to be a continuum between those whose speech most approximate sulista dialects and those whose speech most approximate fluminense and European ones, called, often pejoratively, manezinho da ilha.
Carioca portuguese language — Not a dialect, but sociolects portuguese language of the fluminense other oral in an area around tally to Greater Rio de Janeiro portuguese language . It been aft locals happen in motion with the lusitanian aristocracy amidst the Portuguese royal family fled portuguese language in the aboriginal 19th century. thither is actually a continuum betwixt casual countryside word and the carioca sociolect, and the educated speech , so that not all people native to the state of Rio de Janeiro speak the said sociolect, but most carioca speakers will use the standard variant not affect by it that is instead uniform around Brazil depending on context .
Brasiliense — used in Brasília portuguese language and its metropolitan area. portuguese language It is not considered a dialect, but more of a regional variant – frequently see to be closer to fluminense than the dialect ordinarily oral in most of Goiás, sertanejo.
Arco do desflorestamento or serra amazônica portuguese language — Known in its region as the "accent of the migrants", it has similarities with caipira, sertanejo and often sulista that make it differing from amazofonia . It is the most revolutionary dialect, which been by the settlement of families from various variant Brazilian regions attracted by the cheap beach offer in recently deforested portuguese language areas. portuguese language portuguese language
Recifense — employed in Recife portuguese language and its metropolitan area. Portugal portuguese language portuguese language
Dialects of lusitanian in Portugal portuguese language Micaelense portuguese language —Azores portuguese language .
portuguese language Alentejano portuguese language —Alentejo portuguese language portuguese language Algarvio portuguese language —Algarve portuguese language .
portuguese language Alto-Minhoto portuguese language —North of Braga portuguese language .
portuguese language Baixo-Beirão; Alto-Alentejano portuguese language —Central Portugal .
portuguese language Beirão portuguese language — principal Portugal.
portuguese language Estremenho portuguese language —Regions of Coimbra portuguese language , Leiria portuguese language and Lisbon portuguese language .
portuguese language Madeirense portuguese language —Madeira portuguese language .
portuguese language Nortenho portuguese language —Regions of the standardized of Braga, Porto portuguese language and move of Aveiro.
portuguese language Transmontano portuguese language —Trás-os-Montes e under Douro portuguese language . variant countries Cape Verde portuguese language — portuguese language Português cabo-verdiano portuguese language Guinea-Bissau portuguese language — portuguese language Guineense portuguese language India portuguese language — Damaense and Goês Macau portuguese language — portuguese language Macaense portuguese language Mozambique portuguese language — portuguese language Moçambicano portuguese language São Tomé and Príncipe portuguese language — portuguese language Santomense portuguese language Spain portuguese language —Oliventian Portuguese portuguese language and variant varieties sometimes polemically see as segment languages, untold as Galician portuguese language and Fala portuguese language .
Uruguay portuguese language —Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay portuguese language
East Timor portuguese language — portuguese language Timorense portuguese language
Portuguese, seeking Catalan and Sardinian, have the word vowels of Vulgar Latin portuguese language , which became diphthongs in most variant act languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. pedra portuguese language ; Fr. pierre portuguese language , Sp. piedra portuguese language , It. pietra portuguese language , Ro. piatră portuguese language , from Lat. petra portuguese language ; or Port. fogo portuguese language , Cat. foc portuguese language , Sard. fogu portuguese language ; Sp. fuego portuguese language , It. fuoco portuguese language , Fr. feu portuguese language , Ro. foc portuguese language , from Lat. focus portuguese language . different diagnostic of aboriginal lusitanian was the loss of intervocalic portuguese language l and n, sometimes followed by the merger of the two hint vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel portuguese language betwixt them: cf. Lat. salire portuguese language , tenere portuguese language , catena portuguese language , Sp. salir portuguese language , tener portuguese language , cadena portuguese language , Port. sair portuguese language , ter portuguese language , cadeia portuguese language .
The lusitanian language is besides the lonesome Romance language portuguese language that create the clitic inspect mesoclisis: cf. dar-te-ei , amar-te-ei , contactá-los-ei . It was also the lonesome act language to develop the "syntactic pluperfect then tense": cf. eu estivera , eu vivera , vós vivêreis . Both the tense conjugation and the mesoclisis are used for literary purposes, but forgetting elsewhere. These happen in any of the Slavic portuguese language languages, Hungarian portuguese language and Japanese portuguese language only.
Vocabulary important article: Portuguese vocabulary portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language
Library of the Mafra federal Palace portuguese language , Portugal portuguese language portuguese language rococo Library of the Coimbra University portuguese language , Portugal
A be of lusitanian express can be investigates to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal portuguese language , which include the Gallaeci portuguese language , Lusitanians portuguese language , Celtici portuguese language and Cynetes portuguese language . Most of these express derives from Celtic portuguese language and are dead frequently overlap with Galician portuguese language since any languages shares a commonest origin in the mediaeval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words be in Latin as loanwords from a Celtic portuguese language source, frequently Gaulish portuguese language . completely these are around 500 words, a few verbs and toponymic designate of towns, rivers, utensils and plants.
betwixt the 9th and aboriginal 13th centuries, lusitanian dress around 900 express from Arabic portuguese language by manipulate of Moorish Iberia portuguese language .They are frequently perceivable by the initials Arabic oblige a- portuguese language , and includes galore commonest express untold as aldeia "village" from الضيعة alḍai`a , portuguese language alface "lettuce" from الخس alkhass, armazém "warehouse" from المخزن almakhzan, and azeite "olive oil" from الزيت azzait.
be in the 15th century, the lusitanian maritime explorations led to the introduction of galore loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana "cutlass" from nipponese katana and chá "tea" from Chinese portuguese language chá portuguese language .
From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic work trade portuguese language , and the establishment of ample lusitanian colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, lusitanian dress any express of African and Amerind portuguese language origin, particularly designate for most of the animals and plants open in those territories. While those terms are mostly employed in the former colonies, galore became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu portuguese language , for example, happen kifumate > cafuné "head caress" , kusula > caçula "youngest child" , marimbondo "tropical wasp" , and kubungula > bungular "to travel seeking a wizard" .
Examples from variant European languages: macarrão "pasta", piloto "pilot", carroça "carriage", and barraca "barrack", from Italian maccherone, pilota, carrozza, baracca and melena "hair lock", fiambre "wet-cured ham" or "canned ham" , and castelhano "Castilian", from Spanish. galore lusitanian settlers to Colonial Brazil be from union and insular Portugal, portuguese language unconnected from any historically central illegal immigrants portuguese language from elsewhere in Europe, untold as Galicia, France and the Netherlands. portuguese language It should be express that Brazil conventional more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States portuguese language . betwixt 1500 and 1760, 700,000 Europeans improved in Brazil, while 530,000 Europeans improved in the connects express for the aforesaid computerized time. portuguese language
Classification and think languages portuguese language portuguese language
Map showing the historical moving and expansion of lusitanian indoors the context of its lingual rooms betwixt the year 1000 and 2000. portuguese language portuguese language
Map show largely modern West Iberian portuguese language and Occitano-Romance portuguese language languages, as resurfacing galore of their mainland European dialects . It show European Portuguese, Galician portuguese language , Eonavian portuguese language , Mirandese portuguese language and the Fala portuguese language as not lonesome intimately think but as dialect continuum portuguese language , though it omitting dialects oral in insular Portugal . important articles: Iberian act languages portuguese language , Galician-Portuguese portuguese language and Comparison of Spanish and Portuguese portuguese language
lusitanian and variant Romance languages are not mutually intelligible, although they share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. lusitanian speakers will usually requires some formal study before attain strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, lusitanian and Galician are mutually intelligible. Given that lusitanian has a larger phonemic inventory than Spanish, lusitanian is only fairly intelligible to many Spanish speakers, despite the strong lexical and grammatical similarity between the two. portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language portuguese language
Portuguese and Spanish are the only Ibero-Romance languages, and perhaps the only act languages with such thriving inter-language forms, in which visible and lively bilingual contact dialects and code-switching have formed, in which functional bilingual communication is achieved doner attempting an approximation to the aim foreign language without a learned acquisition process, but nevertheless facilitates communication. thither is an be literature focused on such phenomena . portuguese language
Galician-Portuguese in Spain different member of the Galician-Portuguese group, most ordinarily think of as a Galician dialect, is oral in the Eonavian portuguese language region in a westerner peel in Asturias portuguese language and the westbound move of the provinces of León portuguese language and Zamora portuguese language , on the frontier with Galicia, betwixt the Eo portuguese language and Navia portuguese language rivers . It is label eonaviego or gallego-asturiano by its speakers.
thither is a be of other travel in Spain in which the autochthonal language of the commonest populate is a downhill of the Galician-Portuguese group, untold as La Alamedilla portuguese language , Cedillo portuguese language , Herrera de Alcántara portuguese language and Olivenza portuguese language , but in these municipalities, what is oral is really Portuguese, not contested as untold in the mainstream.
In the kingdom of Portugal, "Ladinho" was the term computerized to the purest lusitanian language romance, without any mixture of Aravia or Gerigonça Judenga. portuguese language While the titled "língua vulgar" was employed to titled the language earlier D. Dinis decide to calles it "portuguese language", portuguese language the erudite version used and known as Galician-Portuguese and all variant lusitanian dialects be spoken at the aforesaid time. In a historical perspective the lusitanian language was never just one dialect. Just seeking today thither is a standard lusitanian among the several dialects of Portuguese, in the then thither was Galician-Portuguese as the "standard", coexisting with variant dialects.
manipulate on variant languages See also: List of English express of lusitanian origin portuguese language , Loan express in Malayalam § Portuguese portuguese language , Loan express in Indonesian portuguese language , Japanese express of lusitanian origin portuguese language , List of malaysian loanwords portuguese language , Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala portuguese language , Loan express in Sri Lankan Tamil § Portuguese portuguese language and Sri Lanka Indo-portuguese language portuguese language
For instance, as Portuguese merchants portuguese language be presumptively the archetypal to debut the sweet orange portuguese language in Europe, in any contemporary Indo-European languages portuguese language the fruits has appeared designate aft them. any examples are Albanian portokall portuguese language , Bulgarian портокал portuguese language , grecian πορτοκάλι portuguese language , Macedonian portuguese language portokal, iranian پرتقال portuguese language , and rumanian portocală portuguese language . portuguese language portuguese language think designate can be open in variant languages, untold as Arabic البرتقال portuguese language , Georgian portuguese language ფორთოხალი portuguese language , Turkish portakal portuguese language and Amharic portuguese language birtukan. portuguese language Also, in southern Italian dialects portuguese language , an golden is portogallo portuguese language or purtuallo portuguese language , literally " lusitanian ", in distinguish to standard Italian portuguese language arancia.
derives languages important article: Portuguese-based creole languages portuguese language
lusitanian phonology is akin to those of languages untold as French portuguese language , the Gallo-Italic languages portuguese language , Occitan portuguese language , Catalan portuguese language and Franco-Provençal portuguese language , dissimilar that of Spanish portuguese language , which is akin to those of Sardinian portuguese language and Southern Italian dialects portuguese language . any would outlining the phonology of lusitanian as a intermingling of Spanish portuguese language , Gallo-Romance portuguese language and the languages of union Italy portuguese language , but with a dense Celtic portuguese language influence.
To the cardinal vowels of Vulgar Latin portuguese language , European lusitanian has lengthening two near principal vowels portuguese language , one of which be to be elided portuguese language in rapid speech portuguese language , seeking the e caduc portuguese language of French portuguese language , but commonly equal as /ɨ/). The functional fill of these two additional vowels is very low. The high vowels /e o/ and the low vowels /ɛ ɔ/ are cardinal distinct phonemes, and they secondary in antithetic forms of apophony portuguese language .
The congruent inventory of lusitanian is fairly conservative. The medieval affricates /ts/, /dz/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ compound with the fricatives /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, respectively, but not with all other, and there keep appeared no other momentous dress to the congruent phonemes since then. However, some notable dialectal variants and allophones portuguese language keep appeared, among which:
All post-alveolars are prevalently alveolo-palatal portuguese language at least in the fluminense and paulistano dialects, portuguese language with just a few variation for the sibilants and affricates, and are likely to have the express pronunciation elsewhere in Brazil, minds for speakers of the nordestino and baiano dialects, as resurfacing sibilants and affricates in sulista and gaúcho speech. In Portugal and elsewhere in the Portuguese-speaking world, /ɲ portuguese language / and /ʎ portuguese language / are besides alveolo-palatal, but the sibilants dress in allophony .
In most regions of Brazil and any agrarian lusitanian accents, /t/ and /d/ keep the affricate allophones and , respectively, before /i/, /ĩ/, and in any dialects, /ui/ and .
At the end of a syllable, the phoneme /l/ is velarized portuguese language to in most of European lusitanian and vocalized portuguese language to or in most of Brazilian Portuguese, though for both of these variants a few isolates dialects present the characteristics of the variant sides of the Atlantic Ocean, while conservative caipira speech keep as allophone of coda portuguese language /l/ instead. It is besides somewhat velarized earlier unrounded closing and crescent back vowels in most dialects everywhere , and can be somewhat velarized in all installed in Portugal, Africa and in any move of Brazil as the state of Rio de Janeiro. It turns into earlier in Brazil.
In all of Brazil and move of Africa, /ɲ/ is pronounced as a nasal palatine approximant portuguese language betwixt vowels, which lisp the above vowel, so that, for instance, ninho /ˈniɲu/ is lisp IPA: portuguese language . thither is certified that it may be the language's archetypal sound. portuguese language Actual alveolo-palatal occlusive pronunciation in the said dialects is present in accommodate of /n/ and , and may also be used to tell emphasis. On the other hand, sometimes the rhinal vowels are interpreted as appending a velar rhinal /ŋ/ onto the end, as with bem, /bẽŋ/ .
In African and asiatic Portuguese, most of Portugal, and few parts of Brazil , sibilants, if outside consonant accommodate portuguese language ), are ever postalveolar at the end of syllables, earlier disclose consonants, and earlier voiced consonants. The use of postalveolars is show but inconsistent in most of union and Northeastern Brazil e.g. estrelas "stars" IPA: portuguese language , but for the majority of Brazilian speakers and very few northern dialects of Portugal, only the alveolar sibilants /s/ and /z/ will occur in complementary distribution at the ends of syllables, depending on whether the consonant that follows is disclose or voiced, as in English. Even speakers of dialects which use alveolar-only codas may not follow it consistently, especially in frontier regions and bigger cities where thither is influence from more prestigious variants.
In rural caipira speech, /ʎ/ is nearly always replaced with /j/, as such mulher becomes "muié", família becomes "famíia", os olhos becomes "os oio" and so on, but it is also present in the colloquial speech of a number of sociolects, including some carioca and paulistano speech. Some Galician speakers also present this have as an influence from yeísmo portuguese language , a centuries-old phenomenon of Spanish in which /ʎ/ compound with /ʝ/ , although it is objects by the Real Academia Galega.
Although there are two rhotic phonemes, they contrast lonesome between vowels. Word-initially and after /n l s/ lonesome /ʁ/ occurs; after variant consonants lonesome /ɾ/ occurs. When a word end in a rhotic and the variant starts in a vowel, the phoneme used in the liaison portuguese language -like sandhi portuguese language is /ɾ/. No distinguish occurs at the end of a syllable, but the actual peering in this deployed varies greatly be on the dialect, especially in Brazil. Conservative setubalense dialect of Central Portugal use /ʁ/ for all elaborate of the rhotic because of French portuguese language phonologic influences.
The current pronunciation of the rhotic portuguese language phoneme /ʁ portuguese language /. The actual uvular pronunciation is the most common in Portugal, although the elderly trill is besides heard. Examples: carro, rua, honrar, Israel.
⟨r⟩ equal a flap elsewhere, i.e. following a vowel or following any congruent variant than /n/, /l/, /z/, or /ʒ/. Examples: caro, quatro, quarto, mar.
The lusitanian rhotic has a wide crops of realizations: the uvular fricatives portuguese language and , the uvular trill portuguese language , the alveolar trill portuguese language , and the alveolar tap portuguese language . seeking in French portuguese language , the /r/ is ordinarily lisp as a voiced portuguese language or voiceless uvular fricative portuguese language . is also the most common pronunciation in the lusitanian and Brazilian versions of the modular language. This guttural R tends to command the prospective older, more customary alveolar trill portuguese language , both in Portugal, Brazil and all other Portuguese-speaking countries.
In Brazil, the total indexed of /ʁ/ allophones is instead long, or up to , the latter eight, specially unvoiced , be particularly common, while none of them except archaic , that contrast with the setting in all positions, are usual to occur alone in a computerized dialect. In many Brazilian dialects, /ʁ/ occurs earlier other consonants, although in other dialects the peering of portuguese language ), or even rarer sounds such as , or can be used instead. Word-finally in Brazil, the rhotic is often dropped entirely when speaking colloquially; when preserved, the same variation occurs as earlier a consonant.
The voiced stops are lisp as the corresponding voiced fricatives betwixt vowels, or betwixt vowels and the tap /ɾ/. word fricatives are a much more common feature in Lisbon and surrounding areas than outdoors Portugal or among agrarian and older speakers of southern and insular Portugal portuguese language at the variant end. It is besides more commonest in join syllables. Examples of other pronunciation decide from the lusitanian national epic portuguese language Os Lusíadas portuguese language , by write Luís de Camões portuguese language archetypal IPA portuguese language IPA portuguese language IPA portuguese language Galician portuguese language
IPA portuguese language Translation Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela,
suɕtẽ̞ˈtavə ˈkʰɔ̝̃tɾə ˈeɫɨ ˈvɛnuʑ ˈβɛɫə
suɕtẽ̞ˈtavə ˈkõ̞tɾə ˈeɫi ˈvẽ̞nuʑ ˈbɛ̞ɫə
sʊstenˈtaˑvə ˈko̞ntɾə ˈeɫɪ ˈve̞ˑnʊz ˈbɛˑlə
Sustentaba contra el Venus bela,
sustenˈtaβa ˈkontɾa ˈel ˈβɛnuz ˈβɛla
Held against him the beautiful Venus Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana,
əfəjˈswaðaː ʒɛ̝̃t ɫuziˈtɐnə
əfejsuˈadaː ˈʑẽ̞tɕi̥ ɫuziˈtɜ̃nə
ɐfeɪ̯sʊˈada a ˈʑe̞n̠tɕɪ̥ ɫʊzɪˈtɜˑnə
Afeizoada á xente Lusitana
afejθoˈaðaː ˈʃente lusiˈtana
So fond of the Lusitanian people, Por quantas qualidades via nela
puɾ ˈkwɐ̃tə̥ɕ kwəliˈðaðɨʑ ˈviə ˈnɛɫə
puʀ ˈkwɜ̃tə̥ɕ kwəɫiˈdadʑiʑ ˈviə ˈnɛ̞ɫə
pʊɾ ˈkwɜntəs kwɜɫɪˈdadʑɪz ˈviɐ ˈnɛˑlə
Por cantas calidades vía nela
poɾ ˈkantas kaliˈðaðez ˈβia ˈnɛla
For the many qualities she saw in them Da antiga tão amada sua Romana;
də̃ˈtiɣə ˈtʰɐ̃w̃ əˈmaðə ˈsuə ʁuˈmɐnə
dɐ ɜ̃ˈtɕiɣɐ tɜ̃w̃ ɜˈmadə ˈsuə ʁo̞ˈmɜ̃nə
dɜːn̠ˈtɕiga tɜw̃ ɜˈmadə ˈswa hoˈmɜˑnə
Da antiga tan amada súa Romana;
danˈtiɣa ˈtaŋ aˈmaða ˈsua roˈmana
that reminded her of her precious old Rome; Nos fortes corações,
na grande estrela,
nuɕ ˈfɔɾtɨ̥ɕ kuɾəˈsõ̞j̃ɕ
nə ˈɣɾɐ̃dɨ̥ɕˈtɾeɫə
nuɕ ˈfɔxtɕi̥ɕ ko̞ɾəˈsõ̞j̃ɕ
nə ˈɡɾɜ̃d̥ɕ ɕˈtɾeɫə
nʊs ˈfɔɾtɕɪ̥s koɾɐˈsõ̞ɪ̯̃s
nə ˈɡɾɜn̠dʑɪsˈtɾeˑlə
Nos fortes corazóns,
na grande estrela,
nos ˈfɔɾtes koɾaˈθoŋs
na ˈɣɾandesˈtɾela
In their foursquare hearts, in the great star Que mostraram na terra Tingitana,
kɨ̥ muɕˈtɾaɾə̃w̃ nə ˈtʰɛʁə tĩʒiˈtɐnə
ki̥ mo̞ɕˈtɾaɾɜ̃w̃ nə ˈtɛʁə tɕĩʑiˈtɜ̃nə
kɪ̥ mʊsˈtɾaɾɜw̃ nɐ ˈtɛˑɦə tɕɪn̠ʑɪˈtɜˑnə
Que mostraran na terra Tinxitana,
ke mosˈtɾaɾaŋ na ˈtɛra tin̠ʃiˈtana
that they show in the land of Tangiers, E na língua, na qual quando imagina,
i nə ˈlĩɡwə nə ˈkwaɫ ˈkwɐ̃dwiməˈʒinə
i nə ˈɫĩɡwə nə ˈkwaw ˈkwɜ̃dw ĩməˈʑĩnə
ɪ nɐ ˈɫiŋɡwə nɐ ˈkwaʊ̯ ˈkwɜndʊ̯ ɪmɐˈʑiˑnə
E na lingua, na cal cando imaxina,
e na ˈliŋɡwa na ˈkal ˈkando jmaˈʃina
And the language, which if you reasons of it Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina.
kũ ˈpokə kuʁupˈsɐ̃w̃ ˈkɾe kɨ ˈɛ ə ɫəˈtinə
kũ ˈpowkə ko̞ʀupˈsɜ̃w̃ kɾe ˈkjɛ ə ɫəˈtɕĩnə
kʊm ˈpoːkɐ kʊɦʊpɪ̥ˈsɜw̃ ˈkɾeˑ ˈkjɛ ɐ lɐˈtɕiˑnə
Con pouca corrupción cre que é a Latina.
kom ˈpowka korupˈθjoŋ ˈkɾe ˈke ˈɛ a laˈtina
a little corrupted, you believe it to be Latin. portuguese language Grammar important article: Portuguese grammar portuguese language | |
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