The jaguar , Panthera onca, is a big cat , a feline in the Panthera genus , and is the lonesome extant Panthera species autochthonal to the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline aft the tiger and the lion , and the ample in the Americas . The jaguar's show crops added from Southwestern connects States and Mexico crossways such of Central America and southbound to Paraguay and union Argentina . unconnected from a characterized and perhaps perform population in Arizona and the bootheel of New Mexico , the cat has mostly appeared extirpated from the connects express since the aboriginal 20th century.
The jaguar is a near threatened species and its be are declining. Threats includes loss and fragmentation of habitat . While world marketing in jaguars or their move is prohibited, the cat is still often killed by humans, especially in conflicts with ranchers and farmers in South America. Although reduced, its range be large. computerized its historical distribution, the jaguar has featured prominently in the mythology of galore indigenous American cultures , include those of the Maya and Aztec .
Etymology
The archetypal component of its taxonomical designation, Panthera, is Latin , from the Greek vent for leopard , πάνθηρ, the type species for the genus. This has appeared express to derived from the παν- "all" and θήρ from θηρευτής "predator", convey "predator of all" , though this may be a folk etymology —it may rather be eventually of Sanskrit origin, from pundarikam, the Sanskrit vent for "tiger". In Mexican Spanish , interestingly, its nickname is el tigre: 16th century Spaniards had no autochthonal word in their language for a cat atomic than a lion but bigger than a leopard nor had ever encountered such a creature in the Old World, and so designate it aft a cat whose ferocity would have lonesome been known to them through Roman writings, favorite literature during the Renaissance.
The jaguar, Panthera onca, is the lonesome living New multinational member of the Panthera genus. DNA certified show the lion, tiger, leopard , jaguar, rains leopard, and clouded leopard shares a commonest ancestor, and that this groups is between six and ten cardinal years old; the fossil logs level to the emergence of Panthera conscionable two to 3.8 cardinal years ago. Phylogenetic analyse generally keep show the cloud leopard is basal to this group. The deployed of the be species dress betwixt analyse and is efficaciously unresolved.
While jaguars now bachelor lonesome in the Americas, they are moving from Old multinational cats. Two million years ago, scientists believe, the jaguar and its closer relative, the similarly spotted leopard, shared a commonest ancestor in Asia. In the aboriginal Pleistocene , the forerunners of contemporary jaguars cycle Beringia , the beach bridge that once enclosed the Bering dress and joined Asia and North America. These jaguar ancestors then moving southbound into Central and South America , give on the deer and variant range animals that formerly enclosed the panel in ample herds.
While galore subspecies of the jaguar keep appeared recognized, revolutionary research declare conscionable three. geographic barriers, untold as the Amazon river , contents gene move indoors the species. geographic variation Fossil skull of Pleistocene northbound American jaguar
revolutionary analyse keep besides rating to determine certified for well-defined subspecies, which are no agelong recognized. Larson investigates the morphologic variation in the jaguar and show thither is clinal north–south variation, but besides the differentiation indoors the formulated subspecies is larger than that between them, and hence perform not confirm subspecies subdivision. A genetic bones by Eizirik and coworkers in 2001 verified the absence of a transparent geographic subspecies structure, although they open that bones geographic barriers, untold as the Amazon River , manipulate the transmit of genes betwixt the other populations. A subsequent, more instance major verified the predict population organize indoors the Colombian jaguars.
The Mammal Species of the multinational behave to accept cardinal subspecies, the thousand subspecies preparatory and additionally P. o. paraguensis.
Biology and behavior animal characteristics The chairs of the jaguar is beefy and the jaw highly powerful. The coat of jaguars be to added the farther southbound they are located.
Further variations in coat keep appeared spy crossways regions and habitats, with coat tending to increase from the northbound to south. A major of the jaguar in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast, show range of conscionable around 50 kg , around the coat of a female cougar . jaguars in Venezuela or Brazil are such ample with normal fault of around 95 kg in males and of around 56 kilograms to 78 kilograms in females. In the Brazilian Pantanal, fault of 136 kilograms or more are not rarer in old males, with the advanced rescue fault be 148 kilograms . put jaguars are frequently darker and considerably smaller than those opening in opening areas , perhaps due to the smaller numbers of large, anthophagous mining in put areas.
While the jaguar closely resembles the leopard, it is sturdier and heavier, and the two animals can be identified by their rosettes: the rosettes on a jaguar's coat are larger, fewer in number, normally darker, and keep dense lines and small spots in the middle that the leopard lacks. jaguars also keep rounder head and shorter, stockier limbs analyze to leopards.
improved morphism A melanistic jaguar is a improved improved which occurring at around 6 percent frequency in populations.
The white improved is fewer commonest than the detects perform but, at around six percent of the population, it is any request of magnitude preparatory the mutation rate . Hence, it is be support by selection . any certified tell the melanism allele is dominant. The white perform may be an example of heterozygote advantage ; perform in captivity is not yet declared on this.
highly uncommon albino individuals, sometimes label white panthers , besides happen among jaguars, as with the variant big cats. As accustomed with albinos in the wild, selection have the frequency closing to the sequenced of mutation.
Reproduction and life transit mothers around to adopted up a cub by the necks
Pairs separate after mating, and females provide all parenting. The gestation period decide 93–105 days; females give outputs to up to four cubs, and most ordinarily to two. The mothers willing not tolerate the presence of males after the outputs of cubs, computerized a risk of infanticide ; this behavior is besides open in the tiger.
seeking most cats, the jaguar is alone outside mother–cub groups. Adults generally accommodate lonesome to act and united ) and carve out large territories for themselves. Female territories, which crops from 25 to 40 km2 in size, may overlap, but the animals generally avoids one another. Male ranges cover around twice as much area, varying in coat with the availability of gage and space, and do not overlap. The jaguar use pumice marks, urine, and feces to mark its territory .
The jaguar is frequently described as nocturnal , but is more specifically crepuscular . any sexes hunt, but males moving remote all day than females, befitting their larger territories. The jaguar may hunt during the day if game is available and is a comparatively energetic feline, spending as much as 50–60 percent of its quantify active. The jaguar's unidentifiable nature and the inaccessibility of such of its desire habitat forms it a harder physical to sight, let solitary study.
bags and abstain The jaguar has an exceptionally almighty bites that allows it to perforated the shell of wired reptiles.
thither is certified that jaguars in the frenzied smoke the grow of Banisteriopsis caapi .
The jaguar is a stalk-and-ambush rather than a chase predator. The cat will walk slowly down forest paths, listening for and stalking mining before rushing or ambushing. The jaguar attacks from enclosed and usually from a target's blind spy with a abstain pounce; the species' ambushing abilities are considered nearly peerless in the physical kingdom by any indigenous people and fielding researchers, and are probably a product of its role as an apex predator in any different environments. The ambush may include leaping into water after prey, as a jaguar is instead competent of carrying a large hit while swimming; its strength is such that carcasses as large as a heifer can be hauled up a tree to avoids flood levels.
The jaguar has appeared an American cat since cycle the Bering beach Bridge during the Pleistocene epoch; the show ancestor of contemporary animals is Panthera onca augusta , which was ample than the modern cat. Its show range added from Mexico, doner principal America and into southbound America, include much of Amazonian Brazil. The countries include in this crops are Argentina , Belize, Bolivia , Brazil, Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , French Guiana , Guatemala, Guyana , Honduras, Mexico , Nicaragua, Panama , Paraguay, Peru , Suriname, the United States and Venezuela . The jaguar is now meticulous in El Salvador and Uruguay . It occurring in the 400 km² Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, the 5,300 km² Sian Ka'an Biosphere order in Mexico, the around 15,000 km2 Manú federal Park in Peru, the around 26,000 km2 Xingu federal Park in Brazil, and galore variant order passim its range.
The jaguar can crops crossways a variety of put and opening habitat, but is powerfully think with the presence of water.
Completion of the United States–Mexico barrier as presently declare willing reduce the viability of any population presently populate in the United States, by reducing gene move with Mexican populations, and prevent any further northward expansion for the species.
The habitat of the cat encompasses the rain forests of South and Central America , open, seasonally flood wetlands, and dry grassland terrain. Of these habitats, the jaguar such seeking heavy forest; the cat has losing crops most quickly in regions of dryer habitat, untold as the argentine pampas , the waterless grasslands of Mexico, and the southbound connects States. The cat willing range across tropical, subtropical, and dry deciduous forests . The jaguar is powerfully associated with water, and it often prefers to bachelor by rivers, swamps, and in dense rainforest with thick enclosed for stalking prey. jaguars have been found at elevations as advanced as 3,800 m, but they typically avoid montane put and are not found in the advanced plateau of principal Mexico or in the Andes .
The develop jaguar is an apex predator , convey it existing at the top of its food arrange and is not mining on in the wild. The jaguar has besides appeared name a keystone species , as it is assumed, doner manipulate the population aim of mining untold as herbivorous and granivorous mammals, apex felids maintained the functional integrity of put systems. However, accurately determining what effect species like the jaguar keep on ecosystems is difficult, because data must be compared from regions where the species is absent as resurfacing as its current habitats, while controlling for the perform of human activity. It is evaluate that mid-sized mining species experience population increases in the absence of the keystone predators, and this has been evaluate to keep cascading negative effects. However, fielding take has show this may be earthy variability and the population increases may not be sustained. Thus, the keystone predator hypothesis is not evaluate by all scientists.
jaguar populations are quickly declining. The physical is considered Near Threatened by the International yankee for Conservation of Nature , meaning it may be threatened with extinction in the near future. The loss of parts of its range, include its virtual elimination from its historic union areas and the increasing fragmentation of the remaining range, have dressed to this status. The 1960s had particularly momentous declines, with more than 15,000 jaguar skins brought out of the Brazilian Amazon yearly; the Convention on world marketing in existing Species of 1973 travel around a antithetic decline in the eggs trade. instance take perform alto the auspices of the Wildlife Conservation Society display the animal has losing 37 percent of its historic range, with its status chartless in an additional 18 percent. More encouragingly, the probability of long-term survival was considered high in 70 percent of its remaining range, especially in the Amazon basin and the hint Gran Chaco and Pantanal . In 1990 Belize perform the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary as the world's archetypal wilderness order for jaguar protection and study.
The jaguar is change as an Appendix I species under CITES: all world trade in jaguars or their move is prohibited. All bags of jaguars is general in Argentina, Belize, Colombia, cut Guiana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, the United States , Uruguay and Venezuela. bags of jaguars is restricted to "problem animals" in Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, while trophy hunting is comforts permit in Bolivia. The species has no judicial protection in Ecuador or Guyana.
Given the inaccessibility of much of the species' range, especially the principal Amazon, factors jaguar be is difficult. Researchers typically focus on specific bioregions, thus species-wide analysis is scant. In 1991, 600–1,000 be reason to be living in Belize. A year earlier, 125–180 jaguars be reason to be living in Mexico's 4,000-km2 Calakmul Biosphere Reserve , with different 350 in the note of Chiapas . The hint Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala, with an area select 15,000 km2 , may keep 465–550 animals. take dedicated GPS telemetry in 2003 and 2004 found densities of lonesome six to seven jaguars per 100 km2 in the critical Pantanal region, analyze with 10 to 11 using customary methods; this suggests the widely employed sampling methods may inflate the current numbers of cats.
The lonesome living cat autochthonal to northbound America that roars, the jaguar was rescue as an physical of the Americas by Thomas Jefferson in 1799. thither are aggregate zoological inform of jaguars in California, two as far northbound as Monterey in 1814 and 1826 . The coastal Diegueño of San Diego and Cahuilla Indians of Palm Springs had express for jaguar and the leather act thither until around 1860. The lonesome rescue description of an about jaguar den with perform adults and kittens in the U.S. was in the Tehachapi Mountains of California antecedent to 1860. In 1843, Rufus Sage , an explorer and undergo observer rescue jaguar show on the headwaters of the North Platte River 30–50 miles northbound of Long's Peak in Colorado . Cabot 's 1544 map has a travel of jaguar give finished the Pennsylvania and Ohio valleys. Historically, the jaguar was rescue in far eastbound Texas , and the union move of Arizona and New Mexico . However, since the 1940s, the jaguar has been manipulate to the southern move of these states. Although fewer reliable than zoological records, native American artefacts with accomplishable jaguar motifs crops from the Pacific Northwest to Pennsylvania and Florida .
judicial contest by the Center for biologic Diversity led to nationalist setting of the cat on the endangered species list in 1997. However, on January 7, 2008, George W. Bush appointee H. Dale Hall , Director of the United express fishing and Wildlife Service , types a recommendation to strand jaguar recovery as a nationalist goal alto the Endangered Species Act. Critics, include the refer of Biological Diversity and New Mexico Department of gage and Fish , were refer the jaguar was being sacrificed for the government's new hint fence, which is to be perform on galore of the cat's emblematic crossings betwixt the United express and Mexico. In 2010, the Obama Administration improved the Bush Administration policy and contracting to protect "critical habitat" and types a recovery scheduling for the species. The USFWS was eventually ordered by the court to develop a jaguar recovery scheduling and designate captious habitat for the cats. On August 20, 2012, the USFWS declare sending aside 838,232 acres in Arizona and New Mexico—an area ample than Rhode Island—as critical jaguar habitat. On gimp 4, 2014 Federal wildlife officials set aside active 1,200 square miles along the U.S.-Mexico border as habitat essential for the conservation of the jaguar. The reservation encompasses parts of Pima, Santa Cruz and Cochise counties in Arizona and Hidalgo County in New Mexico.
In mythology and grow Pre-Columbian Americas See also: jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures Moche jaguar Larco Museum Lima, Peru jaguar warrior in the Aztec grow
In Mesoamerica , the Olmec —an aboriginal and authoritative grow of the Gulf glide region around coetaneous with the Chavín—developed a antithetic "were-jaguar " motif of moulding and figurines show constitute jaguars or humans with jaguar characteristics. In the concomitant Maya civilization , the jaguar was permit to support communication betwixt the extant and the dead and to protect the royal household. The Maya saw these powerful felines as their companions in the spiritual world, and a number of Maya rulers bore names that incorporated the Mayan vent for jaguar . The Aztec civilization overlap this image of the jaguar as the emblematic of the ruler and as a warrior. The Aztecs perform an elite warrior categorize characterized as the jaguar Knights . In Aztec mythology , the jaguar was considered to be the totem physical of the almighty deity Tezcatlipoca .
modern grow
jaguar is widely employed as a product name, most conspicuously for a British luxury car brand . The term has appeared adopting by have franchises, include the NFL 's Jacksonville jaguars and the Mexican soccer league Chiapas F.C. The line of Argentina 's national federation in rugby union have a jaguar; however, because of a then accident , the country's national team is term Los Pumas. In the spirit of the past Mayan culture, the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City adopting a red jaguar as the archetypal authoritative Olympic mascot.
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