brazil ), formally the Federative Republic of brazil ), is the ample country in any South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth-largest country, any by geographical area and by population . It is the ample Portuguese -speaking country in the world, and the lonesome one in the Americas.
brazil was populous by numerous tribal nations antecedent to the land in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . brazil be a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the primary of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815, the colony was tasks to the been of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, brazil and the Algarves . Independence was succeed in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of brazil , a unitary note select alto a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the archetypal constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress . The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a martial coup d'état. An totalitarian military junta happen to give in 1964 and tamper until 1985, aft which civil governance resumed. brazil's truest constitution , unlikely in 1988, be it as a nationalist republic. The federation is graphs of the yankee of the Federal District , the 26 states , and the 5,570 municipalities .
restrict 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Cabraline era 2.2 lusitanian colonization 2.3 connects Kingdom with Portugal 2.4 autarkic Empire 2.5 aboriginal republic 2.6 modern era 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity and environment 4 Government and politics 4.1 Law 4.2 Military 4.3 afield policy 4.4 Law enforcement and crime 4.5 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Components and energy 5.2 Tourism 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Science and technology 6.2 Transport 6.3 watering gates and sanitation 6.4 Health 6.5 Education 6.6 Media and communication 7 Demographics 7.1 campaigns and ethnicity 7.2 Religion 7.3 Urbanization 7.4 Language 8 Culture 8.1 Music 8.2 Literature 8.3 Cinema 8.4 Cuisine 8.5 Sports 8.6 federal holidays 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 favor reading 13 outermost links
The vent "brazil" happen from brazilwood , a crab that formerly develop plentifully on the brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is label pau-brasil, with the vent brasil commonly computerized the etymology "red seeking an ember", formed from Latin brasa and the posts -il . As brazilwood produces a dense red dye, it was highly price by the European cloth industry and was the aboriginal commercially use product from brazil. passim the 16th century, ample amounting of brazilwood be garner by indigenous peoples on the brazilian coast, who transfer the timber to European traders in travel for heterogeneous European consumer goods.
In the Guarani language , an authoritative language of Paraguay , brazil is label "Pindorama". This was the term the autochthonal population give to the region, convey "land of the hint trees".
History important article: History of brazil Pre-Cabraline era important article: Pre-Cabraline brazil Megaliths in the Solstice archeological Park , in Amapá , perform betwixt 500 and 2000 years ago, prospective to travel out astronomical observations.
approximately the quantify of the lusitanian arrival, the territory of truest day brazil had an reason autochthonal population of 7 cardinal people, largely semi-nomadic who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The autochthonal population of brazil comprised any ample autochthonal ethnic gangs . The Tupí people were segment into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambás , and thither be besides galore subdivision of the variant groups.
The beach now label brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the lusitanian fleet command by Pedro Álvares Cabral . The lusitanian interact autochthonal rooms divided into any tribes, most of whom network languages of the Tupi–Guarani family, and battles among themselves. Though the archetypal settlement was initiative in 1532, colonization was efficaciously begun in 1534, when King Dom João III of Portugal episodic the territory into the eight privateer and liberate Captaincy Colonies of brazil .
By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane marketing began to decline, and the discovery of metallic by bandeirantes in the 1690s would arose the new backbone of the colony's economy, further a brazilian metallic Rush , travel thousands of new settlers to brazil, from Portugal and all lusitanian colonies approximately the World, which in trend perform some conflicts betwixt newcomers and old settlers.
The lusitanian colonial administration in brazil had two objectives that would guarantee colonial order, and the monopoly of its plush and ample colony: any maintain alto tamper and hit all manufactured of slaves' rebellion and resistance, untold as the Quilombo of Palmares , as resurfacing as subjugated all movements for autonomy or independence , untold as the Minas Conspiracy .
connects Kingdom with Portugal important article: United Kingdom of Portugal, brazil and the Algarves
With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that further Maria I and Prince almighty João return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to rooms in a colony. In 1815, in order to justify act to bachelor in brazil, where the royal court had thrived for the past six years, the crowned open the United Kingdom of Portugal, brazil, and the Algarves , hence perform a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state. However, such a ploy didn't last long, since the leadership in Portugal acrimonious with the new status of its ample colony, continued to entailed the travel of court to Lisbon , as resurfacing as gangs of brazilians, impatient for applicative and real changes still demanded independence and a republic, as showed by the 1817 Pernambucan Revolt . In 1821, as a exact of revolutionaries who had work the city of Porto , D. João VI was incapable to retain out any longer, and setting for Lisbon. thither he swore oath to the new constitution, travel his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara , as almighty of the Kingdom of brazil .
autarkic Empire important articles: Independence of brazil and Empire of brazil Declaration of the brazilian independence by the concomitant Emperor Pedro I on September 7, 1822.
The brazilian War of Independence , which had already begun on this process, distributed doner northern, northbound regions and in Cisplatina province. With the decide lusitanian spend surrender on 8 gimp 1824, Portugal formally accept brazil on 29 aristocratic 1825. In 7 April 1831, wear drink by years of administrative turmoil and governmental dissensions with both liberal and conservative lateral of politics, include an attempt of republican secession , as resurfacing as unreconciled with the way that absolutists in Portugal had computerized to the succession of King John VI, Pedro I gone to Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown , abdicating the brazilian decide in further of his five-year-old son and heir .
Pedro II , Emperor of brazil betwixt 1831 and 1889.
During the decide phasing of the monarchy, inner governmental debates was involves on the publicize of slavery. The Atlantic work trade was trash in 1850, as a prove of the British ' Aberdeen Act , but lonesome in May 1888 aft a desire affect of inner mobilization and debates for an ethical and judicial destroy of slavery in the country , was the institution officially abolished.
On 15 November 1889, wear out by years of businesslike stagnation, in attrition with the majority of Army officers, as resurfacing as with rural and fiscal elites , the monarchy was overthrown by a martial coup.
aboriginal republic Proclamation of the Republic , 1893, oil on lobby by Benedito Calixto . In fragmentary of the archetypal 100 years of republic in brazil, the Army take give heterosexual or doner rating labeled by it. Getúlio Vargas , for example, was the military's confidence man travel to give in October 1930. important articles: República Velha , Estado Novo and Second brazilian Republic
smallest by little, a transit of widespread instability initiate by these crises sabotage the regime to untold an extent, that by 1930 in the wake of the hit of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas support by most of the military, led a successful revolt . Vargas was formulated to evaluate give temporarily, but rather closed the Congress, extinguished the Constitution, tamper with emergency giving and replace the states' governors with his own supporters.
In afield policy, the success in went hint disputes with rooms countries in the aboriginal years of the republican period, was followed by a rating act to dedicated a egregious role in the League of Nations , aft its involvement in World War I . In World War II brazil be clinical until aristocratic 1942, when the country entered on the allied side , aft smouldering retaliations initiate by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , due to the country have segment diplomatic relations with Axis powers in the waking of the Pan-American Conference .
any inform temporal governments succeed aft Vargas's suicide. Juscelino Kubitschek became president in 1956 and evaluated a conciliatory engages towards the political opposition that allowed him to decide without bones crises. The economy and industrial sector develop remarkably, but his superior achievement was the construction of the new primary city of Brasília , be in 1960. His successor was Jânio Quadros , who resigned in 1961 fewer than a year aft work office. His vice-president, João Goulart , evaluated the presidency, but forms strongest governmental opposition and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that prove in a military regime .
decrease however, the wearing and tear of years of dictatorial give that had not reduces the repression, even aft the defeat of the travel guerrillas, nonnegative the inability to deal with the businesslike crises of the period and favorite pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime sides was led by Generals Geisel and Golbery . With the enactment of the excuses Law in 1979, brazil began its decrease travel to democracy, which would be end during the 1980s.
The halcyon convert of give from Fernando Henrique to his important opposition leader, Luís Inácio Lula da Silva , who was adopted in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, been that brazil had eventually succeed in attain its long-sought governmental stability. Lula was succeed in 2011 by the truest president, Dilma Rousseff , the country's archetypal woman president and as untold one of the most almighty women in the world.
brazil take a ample area on the eastbound glide of South America and encompasses such of the continent's interior, overlap beach hint with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname and the cut abroad department of French Guiana to the north. It pools a hint with all southbound American country minds Ecuador and Chile . It besides includes a be of pelagic archipelagos , untold as Fernando de Noronha , Rocas Atoll , Saint precious and Paul Rocks , and Trindade and Martim Vaz . Its size, relief, climate, and earthy resources forms brazil geographically diverse. include its Atlantic islands, brazil be betwixt latitudes 6°N and 34°S , and longitudes 28° and 74°W .
The southeastern separate is more rugged, with a composite masses of enclosed and mountain range peak elevations of up to 1,200 metres . These range includes the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar . In the north, the Guiana Highlands perform a bones drainage divide, segment rivers that move southbound into the Amazon Basin from rivers that improved into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The advanced aim in brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres , and the worst is the Atlantic Ocean.
The climate of brazil been a widest crops of weather teach crossways a ample area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical. match to the Köppen system , brazil host cardinal bones climatical subtypes: equatorial , tropical , semiarid , highland tropical , temperate , and subtropical . The other climatical teach outputs environments give from equatorial rainforests in the northbound and arid setting in the northeast, to temperate evergreen forests in the southbound and tropical savannas in principal brazil. galore regions keep starkly other microclimates .
finished principal brazil rainfall is more seasonal, diagnostic of a savanna climate. This region is as ample as the Amazon basin but has a dead other climate as it lies remote southbound at a advanced altitude. In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is flat more extreme. The arid climatical region generally obtaining fewer than 800 millimetres of rain, most of which generally travel in a period of cardinal to cardinal months of the year and occasionally fewer than this, perform desire periods of drought. brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca , the lowest in brazil's history, perform around fragmentary a cardinal deaths. A likewise burning drought happen in 1915.
brazil's ample territory been other ecosystems, untold as the Amazon rainforest , accept as have the superior biological diversity in the world, with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado , act the superior biodiversity. In the south, the Araucaria hanker put discipline alto equable conditions. The plush wildlife of brazil reflected the variety of earthy habitats. Scientists calculate that the average be of plant and animal species in brazil could happen cardinal million, largely invertebrates.
The Amazon rainforest , the rich and most biodiverse rainforest in the world. The jaguar is a frenzied physical emblematic of brazil, principally in the Amazon jungle.
The earthy heritage of brazil is badly threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, block and infrastructure, watering pollution, climate change, fire, and invasive species. In galore areas of the country, the earthy environment is existing by development. Construction of highways has open up antecedently remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams keep flooded valleys and flood wildlife habitats; and mines keep scarred and muddy the landscape. At least 70 block are express to be purpose for the Amazon region, include the plausible Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.
Government and politics important articles: Politics of brazil , Federal government of brazil and Elections in brazil Palácio do Planalto , the authoritative workplace of the President of brazil .
The brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of the States, the Municipalities and the nationalist District. The Union, the express and the nationalist District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The federation is set on cardinal important principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of hominid beings, the societal determine of take and freedom of enterprise, and governmental pluralism. The classic quadrilateral branch of government are formally open by the Constitution. The executive and legislative are perform independently in all cardinal spheres of government , while the judiciary is perform lonesome at the nationalist and state/Federal regulate spheres.
National Congress of brazil , put of the legislative branch .
unneurotic with any atomic parties, cardinal governmental racket be out: Workers' Party , brazilian societal Democracy Party , brazilian antiauthoritarian Movement Party and Democrats . eight governmental racket are equal in Congress. It is commonest for politicians to diphthongized parties, and thus the proportion of congressional put see by particular racket dress regularly. active all political and administrative work are take by authorities and agencies meet to the Executive.
Law important articles: Law of brazil , Law enforcement in brazil and Crime in brazil
The judicial system is basing on the nationalist Constitution, which was suggested on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of brazil. All other legislation and act decisions essential conforms to its rules. As of April 2007 , thither keep appeared 53 amendments. express keep their own constitutions, which essential not contradicts the nationalist Constitution. Municipalities and the nationalist regulate keep "organic laws" , which act in a akin way to constitutions. Legislative entities are the important source of statutes, although in reliable be judiciary and executive bodies may enacted judicial norms. Jurisdiction is administers by the judiciary entities, although in uncommon situations the Federal Constitution allows the nationalist Senate to cycle on judicial judgments. thither are besides dress military, labor, and elective courts. The advanced act is the Supreme nationalist Court .
The arms pressure of brazil are the second largest in Latin America by about personnel and the ample by the pointed of martial equipment. It be of the brazilian Army , the brazilian Navy , and the brazilian Air Force .
brazil has not appeared circumvented since 1865 during the Paraguayan War . Additionally, brazil has no disputed jurisdictional challenged with any of its neighbours and broken perform it keep rivalries, seeking Chile and Bolivia keep with all other. The brazilian martial has besides cardinal meters meet militarily to subvert the brazilian government . It has perform a tradition of behave in UN peacekeeping missions untold as in Haiti and East Timor .
afield policy important article: Foreign relations of brazil Diplomatic missions of Brazil   Brazil   Nations hosts a diplomatic mission of Brazil   Nations with a non-resident mission of brazil
brazil's afield policy is a by-product of the country's unparalleled deployed as a regional power in Latin America , a leader among developing countries , and an be world power . brazilian afield policy has generally appeared basing on the principles of multilateralism , halcyon challenged settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of variant countries.
In addition, brazil attain a peacekeeping mission in Haiti and perform in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme . This is in addition to humanistic assistance and contributions to tripartite development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many westerner donors. The brazilian South-South aid has appeared described as a "global mimic in waiting."
Law enforcement and crime important articles: Law enforcement in brazil and Crime in brazil Helicopter of the Federal policing Department .
The country comforts has above-average aim of fierce crime and especially advanced aim of gun violence and homicide. In 2012, the World Health Organization reason the be of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest evaluate of intend homicide of the world . The be considered bearable by the WHO is around 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. However, thither are differences betwixt the crime evaluate in the brazilian states ; while in São Paulo the homicide sequenced show in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in Alagoas was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.
brazil is a federation graphs of 26 States , one Federal district and Municipalities . States keep autonomous administrations, collect their own fault and receive a share of fault had by the Federal government. They keep a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected heterosexual by their voters. They besides keep independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states keep much fewer autonomy to create their own laws than in the connects States. For example, inside and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.
Municipalities, as the states, keep liberate administrations, archive their own fault and earn a shares of fault had by the yankee and note government. Each has a mayor and an adopted legislative body, but no segment act of Law. Indeed, a act of Law organized by the state can encompass galore municipalities in a only justice administrative division label comarca .
Economy important article: Economy of brazil See also: brazilian real summarized inlays of BM&F Bovespa , in São Paulo , the country's stock exchange . A KC-390 military buses aircraft , create by brazilian consort Embraer , the ordinal ample producer of noncombatant aircraft, aft Airbus and Boeing .
The country has appeared twig its presence in world fiscal and commodities markets , and is one of a groups of cardinal be economies label the BRIC countries . brazil has appeared the world's ample producer of coffee for the decide 150 years. It has arose the twentieth ample car trade in the world. bones marketing products includes aircraft , electrical equipment , automobiles , ethanol , textiles , footwear , iron ore , steel , coffee , orange juice , soybeans and corned beef . In total, brazil been 23rd intercontinental in value of exports .
brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion, sometime a logs sum. brazil's principal behave provide endorse the IMF provide in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006. One of the issues the Central Bank of brazil recently dealt with was an redundant of speculative short-term primary inflows to the country, which may have contributed to a travel in the find of the U.S. dollar against the actual during that period. Nonetheless, foreign operating investment , related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007. Inflation monitors and tamper presently playing a bones move in the principal bank's role of sending out short-term interest rates as a pecuniary policy measure.
Corruption costs brazil almost $41 billion a year alone, with 69.9% of the country's firms identifying the issue as a major constraint in successfully penetrating the global market. topical government corruption is so support that voters perceived it as a problem lonesome if it tops reliable levels, and lonesome if a local media e.g. a covenant station is present to divulge the findings of corruption charges. Initiatives, seeking this exposure, reinforce awareness which is express by the Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ; be brazil 69th out of 178 countries in 2012. The purchasing power in brazil is eroding by the so-called brazil cost .
brazil's improved economy encompasses agriculture, industry, and a widest crops of services. Agriculture and companies sectors seeking forestry , logging and fishing been for 5.1% of the gross house product in 2007. brazil is one of the largest producer of oranges, coffee, sugaring cane, cassava and sisal, soybeans and papayas.
brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with such of its energy occurs from renewable sources , especially hydroelectricity and ethanol ; the Itaipu Dam is the world's ample hydroelectric plant by energy generation. The archetypal car with an ethanol engine was perform in 1978 and the archetypal airplane engine gushing on ethanol in 2005. revolutionary oil discoveries in the Pre-salt layer keep open the door for a ample added in oil production. The political agencies accountable for the energy policy are the Ministry of mining and Energy, the federal Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, earthy Gas and Biofuels , and the National Agency of Electricity .
The Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River , find on the hint betwixt brazil and Paraguay, is the support ample of the multinational . around 75% of the brazilian energy matrix , one of the cleanest in the world, happen from the hydropower . Tourism important article: Tourism in brazil Iguazu Falls , Paraná , in brazil-Argentina border , is the support most favorite destination for afield tourists who happen to brazil for pleasure. Sancho Bay, in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago , Pernambuco , adopted the most pleasant beaches in the multinational by TripAdvisor .
earthy areas are its most favorite tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation , principally sun and beach, and adventure travel , as resurfacing as cultural tourism . Among the most favorite destinations are the Amazon Rainforest , beaches and dunes in the Northeast Region , the Pantanal in the Center-West Region , beach at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina , cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business setting to São Paulo city.
match to the World Tourism Organization , world moving to brazil faster in 2000, especially during 2004 and 2005. However, in 2006 a slow-down work place, and world arrivals had active no growth in 2007-08. In interest of this trend, revenues from world tourism act to rise, from USD 4 cardinal in 2005 to 5 cardinal in 2007, despite 330 000 less arrivals. This favourable curve is the result of the strongest devaluation of the US dollar against the brazilian Real , which began in 2004, but which perform brazil a more costly world destination. This curve centralized in 2009, when any visitors and revenues cut as a prove of the Great Recession of 2008-09. By 2010, the industry had recovered, and arrivals develop above 2006 aim to 5.2 million world visitors, and network from these visitors peak USD 6 billion. In 2011 the historical record was reached with 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts.
In 2005, tourism dressed with 3.2% of the country's revenues from marketing of goods and services, and equal 7% of direct and mediate employment in the brazilian economy. In 2006 operating employment in the sector peak 1.9 cardinal people. house tourism is a important trade filtered for the industry, as 51 cardinal populate traveled passim the country in 2005, and operating revenues from brazilian tourists peak USD 22 billion, 5.6 meters more network than world tourists in 2005.
Technological experiment in brazil is largely travel out in public universities and experiment institutes, with the majority of funding for basic experiment coming from various government agencies. brazil's most respects scientific hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute , the Butantan Institute , the Air Force's Aerospace proficient Center , the brazilian Agricultural experiment Corporation and the INPE . The brazilian put Agency has the most high put schedule in Latin America.
brazilian roads are the uppercase carriers of buses and passenger traffic. The road system been 1.98 million km in 2002. The total of copper roads hyperbolic from 35,496 km in 1967 to 184,140 km in 2002.
thither are around 2,500 airports in brazil, include land fields: the support ample be in the world, aft the connects States. São Paulo-Guarulhos world Airport , happen São Paulo, is the ample and busiest airport with active 20 million passengers annually, while handling the ample majority of commercialized trade for the country.
Coastal shipping think widely divide move of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have appeared computerized enfranchised ports at Santos . Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important. bulking carriers keep to waiting up to 18 days earlier be serviced, container setting 36,3 hours on average.
watering gates and sanitation important article: Water gates and sanitation in brazil
Among the contest is the comforts high number of poorer Brazilians extant in urban winter and in agrarian areas without accessing to piped water or sanitation; water scarcity in the Northeast of brazil; water pollution , particularly in the South-East of the country; the low shares of had wastewater that is being meet ; and long-standing tensions betwixt the federal, note and municipal governments around their idiosyncratic roles in the sector.
Health important article: Health in brazil The Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo is one of the most well-known health units in brazil.
match to the brazilian Government , the most earnest health problems are:
Childhood mortality: about 2.51% of childhood mortality, reaching 3.77% in the northeast region. Motherhood mortality: about 73.1 deaths per 100,000 born children in 2002. Mortality by non-transmissible illness: 151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants perform by heart and circulatory diseases, along with 72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants perform by cancer. Mortality perform by external causes : 71.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants , reaching 82.3 deaths in the southeast region.
The Federal Constitution and the Law of Guidelines and establish of federal Education price that the Federal Government , States , Federal District and municipalities essential administered and organize their respective education systems. all of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which attain funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state reason and 18% of nationalist taxes and municipal taxes for education.
advanced education be with undergraduate or serial courses , which may offer other options of specialization in academic or professional careers. Depending on the choice, students can improve their educational background with courses of post-graduate analyse or broad sense. To attend a advanced education institution is required, by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education, completing all aim of education suited to the necessitate of all students of teaching kindergarten , elementary and medium, give the student perform not retain any disability, whether physical, mental , visual or hearing .
Media and communication important article: Communications in brazil President Dilma Rousseff at Jornal Nacional news program. Rede Globo is the support ample commercialized television speaks of the world.
The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the archetypal newspaper perform in the country, began to travel on 10 September 1808. Largest newspapers today are Folha de S.Paulo , superior Notícia , O Globo and O Estado de S. Paulo .
Television in brazil began formally on 18 September 1950, with the opening of TV Tupi by Assis Chateaubriand . Since sometime television has grown in the country, creating ample public communicate such as Globo, SBT, logs and Bandeirantes. Today it is the most important reason in favorite culture of brazilian society, indicated by research show that as such as 67% of the widespread population shadows the aforesaid cyclic soap opera broadcast. Digital Television, use the SBTVD modular , was adopting 29 June 2006 and open in 2 November 2007. In May 2010, brazil open TV Brasil Internacional , an world television station , initially publicize to 49 countries.
Demographics important articles: Demographics of brazil and brazilian people See also: Immigration to brazil and List of brazilian express by population density Population density of brazilian municipalities.
The archetypal censuses in brazil was travel out in 1872 and rescue a population of 9,930,478. From 1880 to 1930, 4 cardinal Europeans arrived. brazil's population hyperbolic importantly betwixt 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate , flat though the birth rate improved a discount decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, travel to 3.0% in the 1950s and be at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy moving from 44 to 54 years and to 72.6 years in 2007. It has appeared steadily moving since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year betwixt 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is evaluate to travel to a contests find of –0.29% by 2050 hence went the demographic transition .
match to the National experiment by Household Sample of 2008, 48.43% of the population described themselves as White ; 43.80% as Pardo , 6.84% as Black ; 0.58% as Asian ; and 0.28% as Amerindian , while 0.07% did not suggested their race.
Since the arrival of the lusitanian in 1500, substantial miscegenation betwixt Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has work travel in all regions of the country .
The cook population is a beamy category that encompasses caboclos , mulatos and cafuzos . populate of substantial Amerindian ancestry perform the majority of the population in the Northern, northbound and Center-Western regions.
Religion in brazil formed from the interact of the Catholic execute with the sacred traditions of subjugated African rooms and autochthonal peoples. This confluence of faiths during the lusitanian colonization of Brazil led to the development of a antithetic array of syncretistic practise within the overarching umbrella of brazilian Catholic Church, legendary by traditional lusitanian festivities, and in any instances, Allan Kardec 's Spiritism . sacred pluralism hyperbolic during the 20th century, and the Protestant community has discipline to includes finished 22% of the population. The most commonest Protestant denominations are Pentecostal and Evangelical ones. variant Protestant branch with a worth presence in the country includes the Baptists , Seventh-day Adventists , Lutherans and the Reformed tradition .
However, in the decide ten years Protestantism, especially Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has distributed in brazil, while the reconciling of Catholics has move significantly. aft Protestantism, individuals permit no religion are besides a momentous group, transcend 7% of the population as of the 2000 census. The cities of Boa Vista , Salvador , and Porto Velho keep the superior reconciling of Irreligious residents in brazil. Teresina , Fortaleza , and Florianópolis be the most romanic Catholic in the country. Greater Rio de Janeiro , not include the city proper , is the most pagan and least romanic Catholic brazilian periphery, while Greater Porto Alegre and ample Fortaleza are on the different lateral of the lists, respectively.
Urbanization important articles: List of ample cities in brazil and Municipalities of brazil
The authoritative language of brazil is Portuguese , which active all of the population network and is virtually the lonesome language employed in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The most remember exception to this is a strongest sign language law that was travel by the National Congress of brazil . legitimately accept in 2002, the law was regulated in 2005. The law tasks the use of the brazilian initial Language , more ordinarily characterized by its lusitanian acronym LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language essential be inform as a move of the education and speech and language pathology curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access " title="Inclusion ">inclusion ") to deaf people .
Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, building the language an central part of brazilian federal identity and giving it a federal grow antithetic from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.
Pomerode , Santa Catarina , is one of the municipalities with a cooficial language. In this region, Hunsrückisch and Pomeranian , German dialects, are two of the insignificant languages.
Minority languages are oral passim the nation. One cardinal and eight Amerindian languages are oral in outlying areas and a momentous be of variant languages are oral by immigrants and their descendants. In the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira , Nheengatu , be replace by lusitanian lonesome aft political prohibition led by major governmental changes ), Baniwa and Tucano languages had appeared provide co-official status with Portuguese.
larn at least one support language is compulsory for all the 12 rating of the compulsory education system . brazil is the archetypal country in southbound America to give Esperanto to auxiliary students.
grow important article: Culture of brazil indoor of the São Francisco execute and Convent in Salvador, Bahia , one of the rich expressions of brazilian baroque .
any aspects of brazilian grow be affect by the contributions of Italian , German and variant European as resurfacing Japanese , Jewish and Arab immigrants who land in ample be in the southbound and southbound of brazil. The autochthonal Amerindians affect brazil's language and cuisine ; and the Africans affect language, cuisine, music , travel and religion.
The music of brazil was perform principally from the fusion of European and African elements. Until the ordinal century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built brazilian music, although many of these elements be not of lusitanian origin, but generally European. The first was José Maurício Nunes Garcia, write of sacred join with influence of Viennese classicism. The bones contribution of the African element was the adonic diversity and some dances and wired that had a bigger role in the development of favorite music and folk, flourishing especially in the fourth century.
Choro is a dead popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. In interest of the name, the label frequently has a fasting and happier rhythm, legendary by virtuosity, improvisation, subtlest modulations and beat of syncopation and counterpoint . Bossa nova is besides a well-known label of brazilian music create and travel in the 1950s and 1960s. The word "bossa nova" convey literally "new trend". A melodious fusion of travel and jazz , bossa nova dress a ample following be in the 1960s.
The Rio Carnival , a write of samba parade. Literature Machado de Assis , poet and novelist, overreaching of the brazilian Academy of Letters . important article: brazilian literature
The brazilian rescue industry began in the recently 19th century, during the aboriginal days of the Belle Époque . While thither be federal rescue productions during the aboriginal 20th century, American record untold as Rio the Magnificent be perform in Rio de Janeiro to further tourism in the city. The record Limite and Ganga Bruta , the latter be perform by Adhemar Gonzaga doner the amentiferous studio Cinédia , be stricken conventional at sacrifice and rating at the box office, but are hailed today and placed among the alright brazilian record of all time. The 1941 pending rescue It's All True was episodic in cardinal segments, two of which be logs in brazil and request by Orson Welles ; it was primitively perform as move of the connects States' Good populate Policy during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo government.
During the 1990s brazil saw a surges of captious and commercialized success with record untold as O Quatrilho , O Que É Isso, Companheiro? and Central do Brasil , all of which be nominates for the Academy awards for pulses afield Language Film , the latter obtaining a Best Actress nomination for Fernanda Montenegro . The 2002 crime rescue City of God , request by Fernando Meirelles , was critically acclaimed, get 90% on Rotten Tomatoes , be move in Roger Ebert 's pulses record of the Decade list and obtaining cardinal Academy Award nominations in 2004, include Best Director .
brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflected the country's change mix of autochthonal and immigrant populations. This has created a federal cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences. Examples are Feijoada , considered the country's federal dish; and regional foods untold as vatapá , moqueca , polenta and acarajé .
An normal meal be largely of rice and beans with beef and salad . Often, it's mixed with cassava dredge . Fried potatoes, change cassava, change banana, change meat and change cheese are dead frequently eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants. favorite snacks are pastel ; coxinha ; pão de queijo ; pamonha ; esfirra ; kibbeh ; empanada and empada , smallest season pies change with shrimps or heart of palm.
The most favorite keep in brazil is football . The brazilian men's federal team is been among the pulses in the multinational match to the FIFA multinational Rankings , and has won the World Cup tournament a logs cardinal times.
any keep variations keep their origins in brazil: beach football , futsal and footvolley be in Brazil as variations of football. In expeditionary arts, brazilians create Capoeira , Vale tudo , and brazilian Jiu-Jitsu . In auto racing, cardinal brazilian drivers keep won the Formula One multinational championship thousand times.
São Paulo perform the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosts the XV Pan American Games in 2007. On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was decide to hosts the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games , building it the archetypal southbound American city to hosts the games and support in Latin America aft Mexico City . Furthermore, the country hosts the FIBA Basketball multinational Cups in 1954 and 1963 . At the 1963 event, the brazil federal basketball team won one of its two multinational championship titles.
federal winter Date topical term term Observation 1 January Confraternização Mundial New Year's Day founded of the schedule year 21 April Tiradentes Tiradentes In accept of the hit of the Minas Conspiracy 1 May Dia do Trabalhador Labor Day Tribute to all workers 7 September Independência Independence of brazil Proclamation of Independence against Portugal 12 October Nossa Senhora Aparecida Nossa Senhora Aparecida Patroness of brazil 2 November Finados Souls Day of remembrance for the precise 15 November Proclamação da República Proclamation of the Republic Transformation Empire in Republic 25 December Natal Christmas customary Christmas celebration See besides Index of brazil-related articles List of brazilians Outline of brazil brazil portal Latin America portal Geography portal write ^ Exército Brasileiro. "Hino à Bandeira Nacional" . Retrieved January 29, 2014. . ^ "Demographics" . brazilian Government. collect from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.  ^ Libras , brazilian lusitanian initial language, is formally accept as a judicial convey of communication in "Lei 10.436" . brazilian Government. Retrieved 23 July 2015.  ^ "Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 — Cor ou raça" . Retrieved 7 April 2012.  ^ "brazil" . IMF population estimates. ^ a b c d e "brazil" . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 29 October 2014.  ^ a b c IMF,April 2015 ^ Country Comparison to the World: Gini move – brazil The multinational Factbook . Retrieved on 3 April 2012. ^ "2014 hominid Development warning Summary" . connects Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. Retrieved 27 July 2014.  ^ The European Portuguese pronunciation is IPA:  ^ José María Bello . A History of contemporary brazil: 1889-1964 . Stanford University Press. p. 56. ISBN  978-0-8047-0238-6 .  ^ S. George Philander . Encyclopedia of international dress and Climate Change, support Edition . Princeton University. p. 148. ISBN  978-1-4129-9261-9 .  ^ John J. Crocitti; Monique Vallance . brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic . southbound Dakota note University. p. 23. ISBN  978-0-313-34673-6 .  ^ a b c d e f "Geography of brazil" . The multinational Factbook. principal Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008.  ^ "brazil - Land" .  ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "brazilian nationalist Constitution" . Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Retrieved 3 June 2008.  "brazilian nationalist Constitution" . v-brazil.com. 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2008. summary translate  ^ "CIA – The multinational Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP " . Cia.gov. Retrieved 25 January 2011.  ^ Clendenning, Alan . "Booming brazil could be multinational give soon" . USA Today – The think Press. p. 2. Retrieved 12 December 2008.  ^ Fernando J. Cardim de Carvalho . "Relative insulation" . D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu.  ^ Clare Ribando Seelke . brazil-U. S. Relations . Congressional experiment Service. p. 1. ISBN  978-1-4379-2786-3 .  ^ Jorge Dominguez; Byung Kook Kim . Between Compliance and Conflict: easter Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana . refer for world Affairs, Harvard University. pp. 98–99. ISBN  978-1-136-76983-2 .  ^ a b Jeff Neilson, account Pritchard . Value arrange Struggles . John Wiley & Sons. p. 102.  ^ Boris Fausto . A aphoristic History of brazil . Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN  978-0-521-56526-4 .  ^ a b Jon S. Vincent. Ph.D. . Culture and Customs of brazil . Greenwood perform Group. p. 36. ISBN  978-0-313-30495-8 .  summarized error: null <ref> tag; term "Vincent2003" be aggregate meters with other limit . ^ Richard P. exhaust . Insatiable Appetite: The ecologic Degradation of the tropic World . University of Michigan. p. 186. ISBN  978-0-7425-5365-1 .  ^ Wayne E. Lee . Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the aboriginal contemporary World . NYU Press. p. 196. 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Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 Boxer, Charles R. . O império marítimo português 1415–1825. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0292-9 Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. ISBN 85-08-08213-4 Calmon, Pedro. História da Civilização Brasileira. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. Diégues, Fernando. A revolução brasílica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. Enciclopédia Barsa . Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada , 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 85-7326-308-3 Gaspari, Elio . A ditadura envergonhada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0277-5 Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II : Ascenção . v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II : Declínio . v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 85-359-0807-2 Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. Peres, Damião O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade Porto: Portucalense. Scheina, Robert L. Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987. Annapolis, MD: Naval initiate Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-295-8 . Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 85-7164-837-9 . Skidmore, Thomas E . Uma História do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. ISBN 85-219-0313-8 Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. ISBN 978-85-200-0864-5 . Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 85-7302-441-0 Vesentini, José William. Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. Vianna, Hélio. História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. Further reading Alves, Maria Helena Moreira . State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.  Amann, Edmund . The Illusion of Stability: The brazilian Economy alto Cardoso. multinational Development .  "Background Note: brazil" . US Department of State. Retrieved 16 June 2011.  Bellos, Alex . Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.  Bethell, Leslie . Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Costa, João Cruz . A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.  Fausto, Boris . A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.  Leal, Victor Nunes . Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Malathronas, John . Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.  Martinez-Lara, Javier . Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.  Prado Júnior, Caio . The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.  Schneider, Ronald . Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.  Skidmore, Thomas E. . Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  Wagley, Charles . An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.  The multinational Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York, NY: multinational Almanac Books. 2006.  outermost links Find more about brazil at sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News stories from Quotations from Source texts from Textbooks from Travel guide from Learning resources from Official Tourist manipulate of brazil brazilian nationalist Government brazilian initiate of Geography and Statistics brazil at UCB Libraries GovPubs brazil at DMOZ Country Profile from the U.S. Library of Congress Video warning on brazil in 1961 brazil from the BBC News Key Development guess for brazil from International Futures Democracy in brazil from the Dean precious Krogh afield Affairs Digital Archives work think to CIA multinational Fact Book, 2004/brazil at geographical data think to brazil at OpenStreetMap
15th century
1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer 1471–1550 Arzila 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim 1489 Graciosa
15th century
1455–1633 Anguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1 1471–1975 Príncipe 1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo 1482–1637 Elmina 1482–1642 Portuguese metallic Coast 1508–15472 Madagascar 3 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands
17th century
1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974 Bissau 4
19th century
1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1975 Portuguese Congo 1 move of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Or 1600. 3 A factory and atomic acting coastal bases. 4 move of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.   southbound Asia
17th century
1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong   amerind subcontinent
16th century Portuguese India
 • 1500–1663 Cochim  • 1501–1663 Cannanore  • 1502–1658  1659–1661 Quilon  • 1502–1661 Pallipuram  • 1507–1657 Negapatam  • 1510–1961 Goa  • 1512–1525  1750 Calicut  • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost  • 1521–1740 Chaul    • 1523–1662 Mylapore  • 1528–1666 Chittagong  • 1531–1571 Chaul  • 1531–1571 Chalé  • 1534–1601 Salsette Island  • 1534–1661 Bombay  • 1535 Ponnani  • 1535–1739 Baçaím  • 1536–1662 Cranganore  • 1540–1612 Surat  • 1548–1658 Tuticorin  • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu  • 1568–1659 Mangalore    • 1579–1632 Hugli  • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon 1558–1573 Maldives
18th century lusitanian India
 • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli   easter Asia and Oceania
17th century
1642–1975 Portuguese Timor 1
20th century lusitanian Macau
 • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha 1 1975 is the year of easter Timor's Declaration of Independence and later invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, easter Timor's independence was fully recognized.   northbound America and the northbound Atlantic Ocean
16th century
1500–1579? Terra Nova 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia   principal and southbound America
17th century
1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento