Old Tupi or Classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was oral by the autochthonal Tupí people of Brazil , largely those who lived closing to the sea. It be to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a graphic history enclosed the 16th, 17th and aboriginal 18th centuries. In the aboriginal colonial period Tupi was employed as a lingua franca passim Brazil by Europeans as resurfacing as Amerindians and had literary usage, but it was concomitant unreleased active to extinction, travel only one contemporary downhill with an substantial be of speakers, Nheengatu .
restrict 1 History 2 Tupi research 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.3 An secondary view 3.4 Considerations on the writing system 4 Morphology 5 grammatic structure 6 smoke vocabulary 6.1 Colors 6.2 Substances 6.3 People 6.4 The body 6.5 Animals 6.6 Plants 6.7 Society 6.8 Adjectives 7 smoke text 8 Presence of Tupi in Brazil 9 Tupi literature 10 Recurrence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 outermost links
Old Tupi was archetypal oral by a pre-literate Tupinambá people , extant alto cultural and societal teach dead dissimilar those open in Europe . It is instead other from Indo-European languages in phonology , morphology and grammar and flat so it was adopting by galore Luso-Brazilians as a lingua franca characterized as língua geral .
It is a commonest confusing to covenant of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi, Guarani and a be of variant insignificant or bones languages all been to the Tupian language family , in the aforesaid perceive that English , Romanian and Sanskrit been to the Indo-European language family . One of the important differences betwixt the two languages was the replacement of Tupi /s/ by the glottal softest /h/ in Guarani.
In the archetypal two or cardinal centuries of Brazilian history, active all colonists occurs to Brazil would larn the tupinambá other of Tupi, as a convey of communication with any the Indians and with variant aboriginal colonists who had adopting the language.
When the Portuguese Prime-Minister Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759, the language been to reduces fast, as few Brazilians were literate in it. Besides, a new rush of Portuguese immigration had appeared taking travel since the aboriginal 18th century, due to the discovery of gold , diamond and gems in the indoor of Brazil; these new colonists network lonesome their mother tongue. Old Tupi survive as a oral language lonesome in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas would last for over a century still.
Tupi experiment This oblige encompasses a list of references , but its obtain be vague because it has depleted inline citations . pleased encouraging to improve this oblige by introducing more extinct citations. Anchieta, José de. Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil. Ed. da Bibliotéca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro : Imprensa Nacional, 1933. Facsímile da 1. ed. .
The priests model their analysis of the new language aft the one they had already experiencing with: Latin , which they had investigates in the Seminary . And in fact, the archetypal grammar of Tupi â€“ graphic by the jesuitical priest José de Anchieta in 1595 â€“ is structured much like a modern Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly suffice its slate of allowing its intended readership to get a basic enough grasp of the language to be able to network with and evangelise to the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in the expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect doner use with his flock.
Considering the breadth of its use both in time and space, this language is especially stricken logs in writing, especially for the dialect of São Paulo oral in the South.
Phonology
This led to a lusitanian pun around this language, that Brazilians não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei as the express fé , lei and rei could not be lisp by a autochthonal Tupi speaker .
Vowels lie principal endorse closing /i/, /ĩ/ /ɨ/, /ɨ̃/ /u/, /ũ/ Mid /ɛ/, /ɛ̃/ /ɔ/, /ɔ̃/ opening /a/, /ã/
match to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonic indexed of Tupi was simpler:
Consonants: p, t, k, ‘ b s, x m, n, ñ û , î r Vowels i, y , u, ĩ, ỹ, ũ e, o, õ, ẽ a, ã
Santos Gomes besides note that the stop consonants improved elementary to nasal stops , which is certified by the fitful recite of express seeking umbu in the work of the aboriginal missionaries and by the survives dialects.
It would keep appeared almost bleak to supposed the phonology of Tupi if it did not keep a widest geographical distribution. The survives Amazonian Nhengatu and the closing Guarani mismatched giving mercenary that lingual experiment can make use of today in order to succeed an approximate charging of the language.
The writing system utilised by Anchieta is still the basis for most contemporary scholars. It is elementary typed with regular lusitanian or French typewriters and computer keyboards .
Most Tupi express are roots with one or two syllables, normally with double or doubled meanings that are analyse extensively for metaphorical purposes:
a = travel / chairs / travel kaa = put / gates / put oby = caucasoid / blue; considered a single colour in galore languages. y = watering / fluid / travel / lake, puddle / river, recognizes
syllabic express been to two bones groups, be on which syllable the stress falls:
If the underlines travel on the penult , the decide syllable end with an join vowel . untold words usually plummeted the decide vowel to form compounds, or otherwise plummeted the vowel and undergo a consonant mutation : ñeenga + katú = ñeen-ngatú . If the underlines travel on the decide syllable, the syllable is unchanged: itá + úna = itaúna.
rhinal mutation of the initial congruent is always present, heedless of stress. detects also that no monosyllabic vent willing be vent on the archetypal syllable.
Later, aft the colonisation, the affect was employed to term things that the Indians primitively did not have:
îande + Îara = a label see by Christ in Catholic worship. Tupã + sy = the mothers of God .
dissimilar most European languages, Tupi was an agglutinative language with medium degree of fusional have . Although agglutinative, Tupi miss sufficient arranged give to perform composite sentence-containing express .
Tupi has a split-intransitive grammatical alignment. Verbs were preceded by pronouns which can be exposing or object forms. Subject pronouns seeking a- "I" expressed the person was in control, while object pronouns seeking xe- "me" meant the person was not. The two types could be used solitary or combined in transitive clauses, where they function seeking exposing and object in English:
A-bebé = I-fly, "I can fly", "I flew". Xe pysyka = me catch, "Someone has floor me" or "I'm caught". A-î-pysyk = I-him-catch, "I keep floor him".
vent ordering vie a key role in the formation of meaning:
taba abá-im = atomic man from the village taba-im abá = man from the atomic village
detects that the notion of gender was expressed, formerly again, unneurotic with the notion of age and that of "humanity" or "animality".
dissimilar in Indo-European languages, nouns be not implicitly masculine, minds for those give with earthy gender: abá "man" and kuñã "woman/girl"; for instance.
Adjectives and nouns, however, do keep interim inflection:
abáûera "he who was formerly a man" abárama "he who shall be a man someday"
With see to syntax, Tupi was largely SOV , but word order tended to be free, as the presence of pronouns perform it easily to tell which was the subject, and which was the object. Nevertheless, native Tupi suggested tend to be instead short, as the Indians were not employed to complex rhetorical or literary uses.
match to Edward Sapir 's categories, Old Tupi could be legendary as follows:
With see to the concepts expressed: complex, of purest relation, that is, it meant mercenary and relative limit by convey of affixes and vent order, respectively. With see to the manner in which untold concepts are expressed: a) fusional-agglutinative , b) symbolical or of inner inflection . With see to the degree of cohesion of the semantic elements of the sentence: synthetic . Sample vocabulary dress îub = yellow oby = blue, green pirang = red ting = white un = black Substances atá = fire itá = rock, stone, metal, y = water, river yby = earth, ground ybytu = air, wind People abá = man , amerind or Native-American , hominid being aîuba = Frenchman maíra = Frenchman karaíba = foreigner, white man . Means also prophet. kuñã = woman kuñãtã'ĩ = girl kuñãmuku = young woman kunumĩ = boy kunumĩgûasu = young man morubixaba = chief peró = Portuguese sy = mother tapy'yîa = work The body akanga = head îuru = mouth îyba = arm nambi = ear pó = hand py = foot py'a = heart esá = eye etimã = leg tĩ = nose obá = face Animals aîuru = parrot, lory, lorykeet arara = macaw, parrot îagûara = jaguar ka'apiûara = capybara mboîa = snake, cobra pirá = fish so'ó = gage tapi'ira = tapir Plants ka'api = grass, ivy ka'a = plant, wood, put kuri = pine oba = leaf yba = fruit ybá = plant ybyrá = tree, wood ybotyra = flower Society oka = house taba = village Adjectives beraba = brilliant, gleamy, glorious katu = solid mirĩ, 'í = smallest panema = barren, contaminated, unhealthy, unlucky poranga = beautiful pûera, ûera = bad, old, dead etá = many, much ûasu, usu = big Sample text
Oré r-ub, ybak-y-pe t-ekó-ar, I moeté-pyr-amo nde r-era t'o-îkó. T'o-ur nde Reino! Tó-ñe-moñang nde r-emi-motara yby-pe. Ybak-y-pe i ñe-moñanga îabé! Oré r-emi-'u, 'ara-îabi'õ-nduara, e-î-me'eng kori orébe. Nde ñyrõ oré angaîpaba r-esé orébe, oré r-erekó-memûã-sara supé oré ñyrõ îabé. Oré mo'ar-ukar umen îepe tentação pupé, oré pysyrõ-te îepé mba'e-a'iba suí.
As the basis for the língua geral , spoken passim the country by green and Indian settlers akin until the early 18th century, and comforts heard in isolated pockets until the early 20th century, Tupi travel a strongest brands on the Portuguese language of Brazil, be by far its most diagnostic source of modification.
any municipalities which keep Tupi names:
Iguaçu : ample river Ipanema : bad, fishless watering Itanhangá : devil's rock Itaquaquecetuba : where bamboo knives are perform Itaúna : white rock Jaguariúna : atomic white jaguar Pacaembu : valley of the pacas . Paraíba : bad to navigation or "bad river" Paranaíba : hazardous sea Paraná-mirim : affect lagoon Pindorama etama, country): hint country . Piraí : "fish water" Umuarama : where the cacti willing branch
It is interesting, however, that two of the most diagnostic Brazilian animals, the jaguar and the tapir , are pulses characterized in Brazilian lusitanian by non-Tupi names, onça and anta, despite be designate in English with Tupi loanwoards.
any designate of distinct Indian ancestry keep buried etymology because the tupinambá, like the Europeans, amorous traditional designate which sometimes had become archaic. any of untold designate are Moacir and Moema.
Tupi literature