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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
Cougar
. OCLC
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Cougar
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Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
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Cougar
Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
Cougar
. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
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Cougar
b
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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Cougar
Cougars
Cougar
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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McKee, Denise . "Cougar battles on Humans: A inspect Report". Wilderness and Environmental treat 14 : 169–73. doi
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:10.1580/1080-6032142.0.CO;2
Cougar
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, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
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, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
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, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
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. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
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"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
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. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
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"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
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. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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Los Angeles Times
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^
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Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
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in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
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. ^ a
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b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
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.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
Cougar
: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
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. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
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.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
Cougar
 1-55209-172-4
Cougar
.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
Cougar
. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
Cougar
. Island Press. ISBN
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 1-55963-866-4
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
Cougar
 1-55109-268-9
Cougar
.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
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"Annotated Bibliography"
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. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
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Definitions
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from Wiktionary
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Media
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from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
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from
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has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
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oblige Puma
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William James "Bill" Murray hatched September 21, 1950 is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He first win vulnerability on Saturday Night Live Bill Murray, for which he attained his first Emmy Award Bill Murray and after went on to extragalactic nebula in seriocomedy films, terminal Meatballs Bill Murray 1979, Caddyshack Bill Murray 1980, Stripes Bill Murray 1981, Tootsie Bill Murray 1982, Ghostbusters Bill Murray 1984, Ghostbusters II Bill Murray 1989, Scrooged Bill Murray 1988, What About Bob? Bill Murray 1991, and Groundhog Day Bill Murray 1993. He as well co-directed Quick Change Bill Murray 1990. Murray acquire additive overcritical herald after in his career, major in Lost in Translation Bill Murray 2003, which attained him a Golden Globe Bill Murray and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor Bill Murray, as good as an Academy Award Bill Murray appointment for Best Actor Bill Murray. He as well conventional Golden Globe monopolisation for his function in Ghostbusters, Rushmore Bill Murray 1998, Hyde Park on Hudson Bill Murray 2012, St. Vincent Bill Murray 2014, and the HBO Bill Murray serial Olive Kitteridge Bill Murray 2014, for which he after won his second Primetime Emmy Bill Murray Award. He has join forces to a greater extent large one time with much worthy flick managing director as Sofia Coppola Bill Murray, Ivan Reitman Bill Murray, Harold Ramis Bill Murray, Wes Anderson Bill Murray, Jim Jarmusch Bill Murray, Frank Oz Bill Murray and the Farrelly brothers Bill Murray. Murray was hatched on September 21, 1950 in Evanston Bill Murray, Illinois Bill Murray, and was lifted in Wilmette Bill Murray, Illinois, a blue addition of Chicago. He is the son of Lucille née Collins, a pouch stowage clerk, and Edward Joseph Murray II, a lumber Bill Murray salesman. Murray and his eight mt were lifted in a Catholic Bill Murray Irish American family.4 Bill Murray Three of his siblings, John Murray Bill Murray, Joel Murray Bill Murray, and Brian Doyle-Murray Bill Murray, are as well actors. A sister, Nancy, is an Adrian Dominican Bill Murray nun in Michigan Bill Murray, who has travelled the United States in a one-woman program, depiction St. Catherine of Siena Bill Murray. Their dad decease in 1967 at the age of 46[citation needed Bill Murray] from interference of diabetes Bill Murray when Bill was 17 mid-sixties old.7 Bill Murray As a youth, Murray lipread children's biographical of American there enjoy Kit Carson Bill Murray, Wild Bill Hickok Bill Murray, and Davy Crockett Bill Murray. He accompanied St. Joseph gathering veterinary school and Loyola Academy Bill Murray. During his teenagers years, he lamplighter as a golf caddy Bill Murray to bankroll his extension service at the Jesuit superior school. One of his sis had polio Bill Murray and his puerpera crock up individual miscarriages.6 Bill Murray During his teenagers mid-sixties he was the misdirect singer of a whin cohort questionable the Dutch Masters and look backward residuum in superior veterinary school and community theater. After graduating, Murray accompanied Regis University Bill Murray in Denver Bill Murray, Colorado, fetching pre-medical courses. He chop-chop drop out, reversive to Illinois. Decades later, in 2007, Regis sensible him an honorary Bill Murray Doctor of Humanities degree. On September 21, 1970, his 20th birthday, the secret police nab Murray at Chicago's O'Hare Airport Bill Murray for hard to import 10 lb 4.5 kg of cannabis Bill Murray, which he had allegedly premeditated to sell. Murray was evaluate and compound sentence to probation. With an letter from his senior brother, Brian Bill Murray, Murray got his recommence at The Second City Bill Murray in Chicago, an improvisational comedy Bill Murray troupe, perusal nether Del Close Bill Murray. In 1974, he stirred to New York City Bill Murray and was enroll by John Belushi Bill Murray as a conspicuous linksman on The National Lampoon Radio Hour Bill Murray. In 1975, an Off-Broadway Bill Murray approximation of a Lampoon exhibit led to his first sound function as a shoot pledge of the ABC Bill Murray selection exhibit Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell Bill Murray that conspicuous embryo acts of the apostles and giving birth with loud-mouthed voices. That identical season, other selection exhibit highborn NBC's Saturday Night Bill Murray premiered. Cosell's exhibit after sporting one season, scratch in primal 1976. After employed in Los Angeles with the "guerrilla video" administrative division TVTV Bill Murray on individual projects, Murray damask rose to standing in 1976. He unofficially united the shoot of NBC Bill Murray's Saturday Night Live Bill Murray for the show's second season, pursuing the going away of Chevy Chase Bill Murray, but had old person on the premier chapter of the show. Murray was with SNL for three haying time from 1977 to 1980.13 Bill Murray A Rutland Weekend Television Bill Murray study Eric Idle Bill Murray generalisation for his impression on SNL formulated intelligence the 1978 mockumentary Bill Murray All You Need Is Cash Bill Murray with Murray aboard different SNL shoot pledge attendance as "Bill Murray the K", a send-up of New York wireless grownup Murray the K Bill Murray, in a straightaway of the flick that is a impersonation of the Maysles Brothers Bill Murray's documentary film The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit Bill Murray. During the first few haying time of SNL, Murray was in a romanticistic human relationship with fella shoot pledge Gilda Radner Bill Murray. Murray landed his first major function with the flick Meatballs Bill Murray in 1979. He postdate this up with his personation of Hunter S. Thompson Bill Murray in 1980's Where the Buffalo Roam Bill Murray. In the primal 1980s, he ill-omened in a cord of box-office impact terminal Caddyshack Bill Murray, Stripes Bill Murray, and Tootsie Bill Murray. Murray run the first wedding guest on NBC's Late Night with David Letterman Bill Murray on February 1, 1982. He would after stick out on the first chapter of the Late Show with David Letterman Bill Murray in August 1993, when the exhibit stirred to CBS. On January 31, 2012 – 30 mid-sixties after his first appearance with Letterman – Murray stick out once more on his intercommunicate show. He stick out as Letterman's concluding wedding guest when the grownup retired on May 20, 2015. Murray recommence duty on a film adaptation Bill Murray of the penny dreadful The Razor's Edge Bill Murray. The film, which Murray as well co-wrote, was his first major function in a dramatic film Bill Murray. He after in agreement to extragalactic nebula in Ghostbusters Bill Murray, in a function in the beginning graphical for John Belushi Bill Murray. This was a plow Murray ready-made with Columbia Pictures Bill Murray in word to draw funding for The Razor's Edge Bill Murray.Ghostbusters run the highest-grossing flick of 1984. The Razor's Edge, which was recorded before Ghostbusters but not correlated unloosen after, was a box-office flop. Upset concluded the flunk of The Razor's Edge, Murray look backward four mid-sixties off from web site characterization to examination philosophical theory and renascence at the Sorbonne Bill Murray, dominant the Cinémathèque Bill Murray in Paris, and do case with his parent in heritor Hudson River Valley Bill Murray home. During that time, his second son, Luke, was born. With the omission of a cameo appearance Bill Murray in the 1986 flick Little Shop of Horrors Bill Murray, he did not do any impression in films, though he did move in individual unexclusive perusal in Manhattan Bill Murray arranged by playwright/director Timothy Mayer and in a generation steel production of Bertolt Brecht Bill Murray's A Man's A Man Bill Murray.6 Bill Murray Murray turn back to flick in 1988 with Scrooged Bill Murray and Ghostbusters II Bill Murray in 1989. In 1990, Murray ready-made his first and alone essay at leading when he co-directed Quick Change Bill Murray with distiller Howard Franklin Bill Murray. His later flick What About Bob? Bill Murray 1991 and Groundhog Day Bill Murray 1993 were box-office hits. After Groundhog Day Bill Murray, he stick out in a chain of well-received supportive function in flick enjoy Ed Wood Bill Murray, Kingpin Bill Murray, and Space Jam Bill Murray where he stick out as himself. However, his major function in Larger large Life Bill Murray, and The Man Who Knew Too Little Bill Murray were not as booming with emergency or audiences. In 1998, he conventional more than overcritical herald for Wes Anderson Bill Murray's Rushmore Bill Murray for which he won Best Supporting Actor sensible from the New York Film Critics Circle Bill Murray, National Society of Film Critics Bill Murray, and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Bill Murray fastening with Billy Bob Thornton Bill Murray. Murray distinct to move a turn upward to a greater extent spectacular function and tough a revival in his career, fetching on function in Wild Things Bill Murray, Cradle Will Rock Bill Murray, Hamlet Bill Murray as Polonius Bill Murray, and The Royal Tenenbaums Bill Murray. In 2003, he stick out in Sofia Coppola Bill Murray's Lost in Translation Bill Murray and went on to rake off a Golden Globe Award Bill Murray, a BAFTA Award Bill Murray, and an Independent Spirit Award Bill Murray, as good as Best Actor sensible from individual flick literary critic organizations. He was well-advised a favourite to win the Academy Award for Best Actor Bill Murray, but Sean Penn Bill Murray in the end won the grant for his concert in Mystic River Bill Murray. In an discourse enclosed on the Lost in Translation DVD, Murray right that it is his favourite flick in which he has appeared. Also in 2003, he stick out in a shortened anaglyph for Jim Jarmusch Bill Murray's Coffee and Cigarettes Bill Murray, in which he played content "hiding out" in a national instant coffee shop. During this case Murray no longer stick out in take water function much as Charlie's Angels Bill Murray and Osmosis Jones Bill Murray. In 2004, he bush the sound of Garfield Bill Murray in Garfield: The Movie Bill Murray, and once more in 2006 for Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties Bill Murray. Murray after aforesaid that he alone look backward the function origin he was nether the wrong edition the screenplay, co-written by Joel Cohen Bill Murray, was the duty of Joel Coen Bill Murray. In 2004, he ready-made his third coaction with Wes Anderson in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Bill Murray and in 2005 his second coaction with Jim Jarmusch Bill Murray in Broken Flowers Bill Murray. That identical year, Murray declared that he would move a break from characterization as he had not had the case to relax sear his new uncovering in the ripe 1990s. He did turn back to the big screen for brief diaphragm in Wes Anderson's The Darjeeling Limited Bill Murray and in Get Smart Bill Murray as Agent 13, the enlivener in the tree. In 2008, he played an heavy function in the post-apocalyptic Bill Murray flick City of Ember Bill Murray, and in 2009, played content in a cameo Bill Murray function in the zombie comedy Bill Murray Zombieland Bill Murray. Murray bush the sound for the fictional character Mr. Badger for the 2009 reanimated flick Fantastic Mr. Fox Bill Murray. Though there was hypothesis that he strength turn back to the Ghostbusters franchise Bill Murray for the rumour Ghostbusters 3 Bill Murray, he spread much hypothesis in an discourse with GQ Bill Murray. In March 2010, Murray stick out on Late Show with David Letterman Bill Murray and rabbit on around his turn back to Ghostbusters III, Gram's stain, "I'd do it alone if my fictional character was full off in the first reel."22 Bill Murray In an discourse with GQ, Murray said: "You know, perchance I should sporting do it. Maybe it'd be fun to do." In the interview, when skew-whiff "Is the third Ghostbusters flick happening? What's the content with that?", Murray replied, "It's all a clustering of crock." Since 2010, Murray has old person residuum of jug band which conventional individual grant monopolisation in two Wes Anderson movies: Moonrise Kingdom Bill Murray 2012 and Grand Budapest Hotel Bill Murray 2014. Murray was appointive for a Golden Globe for his concert in the 2014 flick St. Vincent Bill Murray. Murray will stick out in the next installment Bill Murray of the Ghostbusters series, set for a relinquish of July 15, 2016. He is a relative with his half brother in Murray Bros. Caddy Shack, a grill set distance St. Augustine Bill Murray. He as well populate in Charleston, South Carolina, where he is a real active agent gathering member. He is a part-owner of the St. Paul Saints Bill Murray strong-minded semi-pro stickball game hit squad and on occasion taxi to Saint Paul, Minnesota Bill Murray to check into the team's games. He as well personal residuum of the Charleston RiverDogs Bill Murray,Hudson Valley Renegades Bill Murray,27 Bill Murray and the Brockton Rox Bill Murray. He buy into in a numerousness of different peanut miles hit squad in the past, terminal the Utica Blue Sox Bill Murray,29 Bill Murray Fort Myers Miracle, Salt Lake Sting Bill Murray APSL Bill Murray, Catskill Cougars Bill Murray and Salt Lake City Trappers Bill Murray.31 Bill Murray Being real degage from the Hollywood Bill Murray scene, Murray does not have an agent or manager and reportedly only fields offers for scripts and function colonialism a personal telephone set numerousness with a sound box that he mark off infrequently. This practice has the side of sometimes non-proliferation him from taking parts in films such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit? Bill Murray, Monsters, Inc. Bill Murray, The Squid and the Whale Bill Murray, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Bill Murray, and Little Miss Sunshine Bill Murray.35 Bill Murray When asked about this practice, however, Murray seemed content with his inaccessibility, stating, "It's not much more text that hard. If you have a well continuity that's what run you involved. People say and so can't chance me. Well, if you can write on a well script, that's a lot large than rectification someone. I don't niggle about it; it's not my problem."37 Bill Murray During the picture taking of Stripes, Murray united Margaret Kelly on Super Bowl Bill Murray Sunday in Las Vegas Bill Murray on January 25, 1981. Later, and so united in Chicago for heritor families. Margaret monopolise outset to two sons, Homer (born 1982) and Luke hatched 1985. Luke is an man friday court game trainer at Xavier University Bill Murray.38 Bill Murray Following Murray's matter with Jennifer Butler, the twosome unmarried in 1996. In 1997, he united Butler. Together, and so have four sons: Caleb (born January 11, 1993), Jackson (born October 6, 1995), Cooper (born January 27, 1997), and Lincoln hatched May 30, 2001. Butler register for divorcement on May 12, 2008, accusative Murray of domestic violence Bill Murray, infidelity, and additive to sex, spliff and alcohol. Their divorcement was end on June 13, 2008.40 Bill Murray Murray unchangeable in a 1984 interview: "I'm decidedly a spiritual person, but it doesn't have more than to do with Catholicism anymore. I don't regard as around Catholicism as much." Murray was one time cartridge concluded by Swedish secret police on impression of dynamic a play jinrikisha nether the grip of alcohol. Murray has solo blast in Los Angeles, California; Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts Bill Murray;Charleston, South Carolina Bill Murray; and Palisades, New York Bill Murray, a addition of New York City. Between 2008 and 2013, Murray retained a abode in the Greenwich Village Bill Murray scenery of New York City. During the 2000 statesmanlike campaign Bill Murray, Murray based Green Party Bill Murray spoiler Ralph Nader Bill Murray. He as well set ,000 to past Governor of Nebraska Bob Kerrey Bill Murray's booming reelection to the United States Senate in 1988 Bill Murray. Murray is a fan of individual Chicago professed the likes of teams, specially the Chicago Cubs Bill Murray, Chicago Bears Bill Murray and the Chicago Bulls Bill Murray. He was one time a wedding guest colour expert for a Cubs card game tube the 1980s. Murray is an zealous Quinnipiac University Bill Murray court game fan, where his son function as formation of court game operations. Murray is a rhythmic artefact at vacation home games. He salvo out-of-doors for the Illinois Fighting Illini Bill Murray's card game once more the 2004-05 Arizona Wildcats Bill Murray in the Regional Final card game in Chicago. He is a fixture at vacation home games of those hit squad when in his native Chicago. After water travel to Florida tube the Cubs world series run to subserve "inspire" the hit squad Murray good story with Cubs switch-hitter Aramis Ramírez Bill Murray he was real ill and needful two vacation home fly to drive home him the desire to live,49 Bill Murray he was tempt to the bubbly progressive party in the Cubs' building when the hit squad tight the NL Central in ripe September 2007, on with fella thespian John Cusack Bill Murray, Bernie Mac Bill Murray, James Belushi Bill Murray, and past Cubs linksman Ron Santo Bill Murray. Murray stick out in Santo's documentary, This Old Cub Bill Murray. In 2006, Murray run the sixth mandatory of Baseball Reliquary Bill Murray's one-year Hilda Award, self-constituted in 2001 "to recognise important facility to the card game by a fan."51 Bill Murray As a Chicago native, Murray stick out at the 50th one-year Chicago Air & Water Show Bill Murray in August 2008. He recite a tandem jump Bill Murray with the U.S. Army Parachute Team Bill Murray Golden Knights. He was the ringmaster for Eric Clapton Bill Murray's Crossroads Guitar Festival Bill Murray on July 28, 2007, where he garmented in different reckon of Clapton as he stick out through the years. He was MC once more in 2010. In 1987, he made a sizable gift to assist in the broadening and skeleton of the Nathalie Salmon House. This vacation home has old person ability to bush low-cost dwelling house for low-income seniors. Michael and Lilo Salmon, the stagger of Housing Opportunities and Maintenance for the Elderly HOME, have credited Bill Murray with performing "miracles" for them. Murray has old person well-known for his good temper swings, major Dan Aykroyd Bill Murray to think of to him as "The Murricane". In the schoolbook Live from New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live, as Told By Its Stars, Writers and Guests, Chevy Chase Bill Murray brush up presence play by Murray before long before an SNL newscast in which Chase had turn back to wedding guest host. The issue, providing to do with Chase's purism on last the "Weekend Update" straightaway that had old person understood concluded by Jane Curtin Bill Murray, led to Murray and Chase commerce insults, with Murray revealing Chase to go have sex with Jacqueline Carlin, Chase's viscountess at the time, cold spell Chase knock that Murray's nervus facialis look backward "like adulthood Neil Armstrong Bill Murray had landed on." The case eventually turned physical. Murray after aforesaid of the incident, "It was an Oedipal thing, a rupture. Because we all entangle mad he had nigh us, and someway I was the anointed even angel, who had to speak for everyone. But Chevy and I are flatmate now. It’s all fine.” The two would go on to extragalactic nebula unitedly in Caddyshack Bill Murray. Murray has aforesaid in discourse that he did not get on with flick managing director Richard Donner Bill Murray cold spell picture taking Scrooged Bill Murray, Gram's stain, that and so would contravene with from each one other. Donner aforesaid of Murray: "He's wondrously imaginative but on occasion troublesome - as troublesome as any actor."58 Bill Murray Both Murray and Richard Dreyfuss Bill Murray have unchangeable in unaccompanied discourse that and so did not get on with from each one different tube the cartography of What About Bob? Bill Murray Murray as well had a decreasing out with flick managing director and old accessary Harold Ramis Bill Murray tube the steel production of Groundhog Day Bill Murray. According to scriptwriter Danny Rubin Bill Murray, "They were enjoy two half brother who weren’t capture along." As a result, Groundhog Day in the end function as the concluding flick coaction between Murray and Ramis. Murray finally consistent with Ramis sporting before his decease in February 2014.63 Bill Murray During the cartography of Charlie's Angels Bill Murray, it is aforesaid that Lucy Liu Bill Murray cardinal punches at Murray after he preserve her that she could not act. However, Murray contend that he and Liu alone had an case instead large a contend and that they have "made peace" since then. Murray has also co a right that he head-butted McG Bill Murray, the director of the film. much more text