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Cougar crops Synonyms Felis concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates , especially deer , but besides livestock . It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents . This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf , American white bear , and grizzly bear . It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
restrict 1 designate and etymology 2 Taxonomy and evolution 2.1 Subspecies 3 Biology and behavior 3.1 animal characteristics 3.2 bags and diet 3.3 Reproduction and life cycle 3.4 societal organize and chambers range 4 Ecology 4.1 Distribution and habitat 4.2 ecologic role 5 Hybrids 6 Conservation status 7 Relationships with humans 7.1 In mythology 7.2 Livestock predation 7.3 battles on humans 7.3.1 northbound American subspecies 7.3.2 variant subspecies 8 See also 9 References 10 favor reading 11 outermost links
With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese. The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular. "Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado . variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther. The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther , a melanistic jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther , a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil is suçuarana . It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda one, onça-pintada , the jaguar ) or leão-baio " title="Chestnut ">chestnut lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata , and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Taxonomy and evolution Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines. Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah of Africa and westerner Asia, but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa, while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World itself. The describe of small feline migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic major of mitochondrial DNA open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Argentine Cougar Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation. Culver et al. express low microsatellite variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding ; responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Biology and behavior animal characteristics Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails; juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks. Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars. The titled "black panther " is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
A boffo generalist predator , the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates . seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore , convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator . Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer , white-tailed deer , elk and flat bull moose are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn and Dall's sheep , horse , fallow deer , caribou , mountain goat , coyote , pronghorn , and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas. A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs and armadillos .
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve , scat consume show raccoons to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals and blacktail deer 24% each, North American river otters 10%, California sea lion 7%, and American mink 4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator . It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives, though the period can be as shorts as one year. Females are in estrus for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period is around 91 days. Females are sometimes inform as monogamous , but this is ambivalent and polygyny may be more common. Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar cubs Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars . experiment in New Mexico has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular , be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance. One female closer to the San Andres Mountains , for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance. experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude , from union Yukon in Canada to the southerner Andes . Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas. Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago , Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills of South Dakota . fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin , in the northbound move of the state.
southbound of the Rio Grande , the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources travel the cat in all Central and South American country. While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve , Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
ecologic role lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long. Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens. Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars. antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented. Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone , for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves. In happen Sun Valley, Idaho , a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented. One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar shares coexist territory. The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition. Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco and variant species since then times.
Hybrids Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism . Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River , the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther . Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service accept any an Eastern Cougar and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act . reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized, while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists. The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003. In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina , Brazil, Bolivia , Chile, Colombia , Costa Rica, French Guiana , Guatemala, Honduras , Nicaragua, Panama , Paraguay, Suriname , Venezuela, and Uruguay . The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador , El Salvador, and Guyana . Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon ; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal. single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department . Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc , as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project. Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs , until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety. Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language of Wisconsin and Illinois and the Cheyenne , amongst others. To the Apache and Walapai of Arizona , the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death. The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts. This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population , Cougar ranges progressively share with areas populous by humans . battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey. battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities. Lightly been New Mexico inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae and into the spinal cord . Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal. Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia , especially on Vancouver Island where Cougar populations are particularly dense. Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
The puma of the protests of southbound America label the Argentine Cougar by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson "It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
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