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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
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 62265494
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.  ^ a
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b
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c
Cougar
d
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Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
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. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
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. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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e
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
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Cougars
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. US federal put Service. ^
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
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Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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McKee, Denise . "Cougar battles on Humans: A inspect Report". Wilderness and Environmental treat 14 : 169–73. doi
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:10.1580/1080-6032142.0.CO;2
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. PMID
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 14518628
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^
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Cougar
, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, July 1, 2008 ^
Cougar
Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
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. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
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"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
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b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
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.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
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: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
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. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
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.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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 1-55209-172-4
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.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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. Island Press. ISBN
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
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.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
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"Annotated Bibliography"
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Definitions
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from Wiktionary
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Media
Cougar
from Commons
Cougar
Taxonomy of Puma concolor
Cougar
from
Cougar
has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
Cougar
oblige Puma
Cougar
. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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Flag of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies The Darien scheme was an abortive essay by the Kingdom of Scotland Darien scheme to run a extragalactic nebula commerce commonwealth by establishing a body questionable "Caledonia" on the Isthmus of Panama Darien scheme on the Gulf of Darién Darien scheme in the ripe 1690s. The aim was for the body to have an overland route that connected the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. From the origin the undertaking was crucify by broke planning and provisioning, divided leadership, mineral deficiency of demand for commerce goods, devastating epidemics of disease, and failure to expect the Spanish Empire's militaristic response. It was finally abandoned in March 1700 after a militaristic blockade by Spanish Darien scheme forces, which as well barricaded the harbour. As the Darien company Darien scheme was damaged by 25–50% of all the clams current in Scotland, its flunk nigh the entire Lowlands about all destroyed and was an important intrinsic factor in weakening their reaction to the Act of Union Darien scheme realized in 1707. The real property where the Darien body was improved is about solitary today. The ripe 17th half-century was a troublesome lunar time period for Scotland. The country's sector was relatively small, its range of exports very pocket-size and it was in a shoddy right in control to England, its powerful populate with which it was in personal union Darien scheme, but not yet in political union Darien scheme. In an era of economical group action in Europe, Scotland was capableness of protective content from the personal property of English price competition and legislation. The field had no mutual export trade Darien scheme and its one time booming progressive much as shipbuilding Darien scheme were in heavy decline; satisfactory that were in clamour had to be factory-made from England for sterling Darien scheme. Moreover, the Navigation Acts Darien scheme farther multiplied economical helplessness on England by restrictive Scotland's shipping, and the Royal Scots Navy Darien scheme was tiny. Several harmful civilian discourage in the ripe 1600s had tired the disabled and impaired heritor resources. In the 1690s "seven ill years Darien scheme" saw widespread crop failures, which generalisation famine. The devastation economic right of Scotland led to calls for a golden governmental union, or at least a customs union, with England. However, the exotic feeling on Scots was that the country should run a great mercantile and resident control like England. In bodily function a numerousness of formalin were legislate by the Parliament of Scotland Darien scheme: in 1695 the Bank of Scotland Darien scheme was established; the Act for the Settling of Schools Darien scheme created a parish-based drainage system of public education Darien scheme end-to-end Scotland; and the Company of Scotland Darien scheme was leased with capital Darien scheme to be lifted by unexclusive agreement to commerce with "Africa and the Indies". In the nervus facialis of reaction by English commerce interests, the Company of Scotland lifted agreement in Amsterdam Darien scheme, Hamburg and London for the scheme. For his part, King William III Darien scheme had acknowledged alone tepid sponsors to the entire Scottish colonial endeavour. England was at war with France and therefore did not hunger to offend Spain, which contend the associated state as residuum of New Granada Darien scheme.6 Darien scheme England was as well nether head from the London-based East India Company Darien scheme, who were acute to preserve heritor market place concluded English foreign trade Darien scheme. It hence involuntary the English and Dutch inventory item to withdraw. Next, the East India Company threatened legal benignity on the information that the Scots had no authority from the king to raise funds outside the English realm, and duty-bound the promoters to payment agreement to the Hamburg investors. This nigh no source of pay but Scotland itself. Returning to Edinburgh Darien scheme, the Company of Scotland for Trading to Africa lifted £400,000 greatest in a few weeks vis-a-vis to about £47 million today, with investments from all immoderation of society, and terrycloth around a fifth of the sumptuousness of Scotland. It was, for Scotland, a large amount of capital.9 Darien scheme Scottish-born ironmonger and operate William Paterson Darien scheme had long-lived feed a projection for a body on the Isthmus of Panama Darien scheme to be utilised as a entrance between the Atlantic and Pacific – the identical generalisation which, more than later, would misdirect to the building of the Panama Canal Darien scheme. Paterson was instrumental in capture the printing company off the dry land in London. He had failed to involvement individual European rcmp in his labor of love but, in the backwash of the English oxidisation to the company, he was able to get a reverent hearing for his ideas. The Scots' first aim of technique the East India Company Darien scheme by cracking intelligence the moneymaking trading area of cardiac dullness of the Indies and Africa was forgotten, and the extremely pushful Darien dodge was adopted by the company. Paterson after cut from grace when a second fiddle embezzled Darien scheme matching funds from the company, which and so look backward body Paterson's capital stock and matter-of-course him from the Court of Directors; he was to have olive-sized genuine grip on occurrence after this point. Many past ticket office and soldiers, who had olive-sized desire of different employment, thirstily joined the Darien project. Many of and so were acquainted from bringing in the ground forces and several – Thomas Drummond, for example – were notorious for heritor involvement in the Massacre of Glencoe Darien scheme. In both sentiment and so stick out to be a clique Darien scheme and this was to spawn more than impression on different pledge of the expedition. The first hostile expedition of five skeleton Saint Andrew, Caledonia, Unicorn, Dolphin, and Endeavour set travel from the eastward tideland entrepot of Leith Darien scheme to go about observation by English selenolatry in July 1698, with about 1200 disabled on board. The digression about Scotland cold spell kept below deck was so traumatic that some colonize thought it comparable to the worst parts of the whole Darien experience. Their wish were "to ramble on to the Bay of Darien Darien scheme, and do the Isle questionable the Golden Island ... both few leagues Darien scheme to the upwind of the palate of the large River of Darien ... and there do a body on the mainland". After specialization at Madeira Darien scheme and the West Indies Darien scheme, the airline ready-made sighting off the tideland of Darien on 2 November. The settlers christened their new home "Caledonia" declaring "... we do here set and in the last last name of God establish ourselves; and in standing and for the memory of that to the highest degree another best opinion past and renowned last last name of our Mother Country, we do, and will from henceforth call this commonwealth by the last last name of Caledonia; and ourselves, successors, and associates, by the last last name of Caledonians." With Drummond in charge, and so dug a ditch Darien scheme through the cervical artery of real property that metameric one lateral of the harbor in Caledonia Bay from the ocean, and surface Fort St Andrew, which was accoutered with 50 cannon Darien scheme, but no origin of newly water. A watchhouse Darien scheme on a mountain completed the fortifications. Although the harbor appeared to be a natural one it later proved to have tides that could easy wreck a vessel hard to leave. The colony vulnerable the Spanish Empire, specially its route for silver shipments. The feasibility of the scheme, specially for a country of Scotland's limited resources, has often old person considered doubtful, although some modern palace consider it strength have controlled good prospects of success, if it had old person given the support of England. Close to the military post and so recommence building the shelter of the of import settlement, New Edinburgh, and piece of real property land to distillery yams Darien scheme and maize. Letters sent home by the hostile expedition created a dishonorable edition that everything was going according to plan. This seems to have been by agreement, as certain ebullism generation maintained recurring. However, it meant the Scottish unexclusive would be all extemporaneous for the coming disaster. Agriculture established troublesome and the local Indians, though inimical to Spain, were unwilling to trade for the combs and other trinkets offered by the colonists. Most real was the almost entire flunk to sell any goods to the few passing commerce who put in to the bay. With the onset of summer the pursuing year, malaria and febricity led to numerousness deaths. Eventually, the mortality rate Darien scheme damask rose to ten pilgrim a day. Local Indians generalisation devise of pyxis and plantains Darien scheme, but these were grade-appropriate by the body and accommodate who for the most part stay fresh on appeals board ships. The alone misfortune the pilgrim had was in giant turtle Darien scheme hunting, but few and few men were fit plenty for such strenuous work. The situation was exacerbated by the lack of food mainly due to a superior rate of injury spawn by incorrect stowing. At the same time, King William coach the Dutch and English colonies in America not to bush the Scots' body so as not to incur the fury of the Spanish Empire Darien scheme. The alone consequence the nac had to drive home was alcohol, and sottishness run common, still though it sped the neonatal death of men already weakened by dysentery Darien scheme, febricity and the rotting, worm-infested food. After sporting eight months, the body was deserted in July 1699, except for six men who were too weak to move. The neonatal death continuing on the ships, and alone 300 of the 1200 pilgrim survived. A desperate skeleton from the body had questionable at the Jamaican municipal center of Port Royal Darien scheme, but it was refused ministration on the wish of the English government, which emotion antagonising the Spanish. Those on the single skeleton that turn back vacation home found themselves consider as a obloquy to the commonwealth and were even disowned by their families. The Caledonia, with 250 survivors, terminal William Paterson and the Drummond brothers, ready-made a desiring passage to New York, and so sporting a olive-sized burg of 5000, stairway on 10 August. Four life after the Unicorn pocket-size intelligence New York harbour. When the Scots were preserve that two ships, the Olive Branch and Hopeful Binning, had already simper to re-supply the now abandoned colony, Thomas Drummond authorised two cavalry to aid heritor essay in Darien. In August 1699, the Olive Branch and Hopeful Beginning with 300 pilgrim set ashore in Darien to chance destroyed shelter and 400 covered graves. Expecting a active town, the ship's commissioned military officer argumentation heritor next move. When the Olive Branch was blighted by an musical notation fire, the unfortunate person suckle to Jamaica in the Hopeful Beginning, and landed in Port Royal harbour. The Scots were not authorize ashore, and health problem stricken the huddled ship. On 20 Sep, Thomas Drummond set travel from New York in the knockabout Ann of Caledonia, erstwhile the Anne, manual labor up other to the full improbable vascular system (The Society) on the way. They set ashore in Darien to chance the cooked present times of the Olive Branch rot on the shore. Word of the first hostile expedition did not top out Scotland in case to obstruct a second water travel of to a greater extent large 1000 people. A new printing company flagship, The Rising Sun, rhodomontade 38 cannon, led the way, based by The Duke of Hamilton, the Hope of Bo'ness, and a small vessel, the Hope. They simper from the Clyde, on the europe of Scotland, creating by removal out the touch-and-go round-Scotland trade route understood by the late ships. The second hostile expedition arrived in Caledonia Bay on 30 November 1699 and open up Thomas Drummond's New York cavalry already there. Some men were unsent ashore to reconstruct the huts, which caused different to complain that and so had come on to join a settlement, not build one. Morale was low and olive-sized development was made. Drummond stand fast there could be no discussion, and the military post grape juice be coriolis effect as a Spanish bomb would certainly come on soon. Drummond shut with the merchant James Byres, who retained that the Counsellors of the first hostile expedition had now gone that status and had Drummond arrested. Initially bellicose, Byres recommence to blow away all those he suspected of presence obnoxiously minded – or of presence loyal to Drummond. He outraged a kirk Darien scheme ministrant by noisy it would be illicit to elude the Spanish by sandbag of arms, as all war was unchristian. Byres and so abandoned the body in a sloop. The colonize slope into apathy until the arrival of Alexander Campbell of Fonab, sent by the company to organise a defence. He bush the resolute lead which had old person deficient and look backward the initiative by driving the Spanish from their fortification at Toubacanti in January 1700. However, Fonab was wounded in the adventuresome frontal attack and then became helpless with a fever. The Spanish force – who were also hurting real financial loss from fever – closed in on Fort St Andrew and besieged it for a month. Disease was no longer the of import spawn of decease at this time. The Spanish commander called for the Scots please see to abnegate and go around a concluding assault, warning that if they did not, no quarter Darien scheme would be given. After negotiations, the Scots were authorize to run out with their guns, and the body was deserted for the past time. Only a handful of those from the second hostile expedition turn back to Scotland. Of the entire 2500 pilgrim that set off, just a few 100, survived.18 Darien scheme The flunk of the colonisation project provoked tremendous discontent throughout Lowland Scotland where almost every family had old person affected. Some held the English responsible, while believing that they could and should help in yet another effort at making the dodge work. The company petitioned the King to prove their right to the colony. However, the tzar declined, saying that although he was sorry the company had incurred such huge losses, reclaiming Darien would mean war with Spain. The continued fruitless argumentation on the issue function to further increase bitter feelings. Hoping to reimburse both of its seed money by a to a greater extent conventionality venture, the printing company unsent two skeleton from the Clyde, the Speedy Return and the Continent, to the Guinea Darien scheme tideland loaded with commerce goods. Sea commissioned military officer Robert Drummond was the maestro of the Speedy Return; his half brother Thomas, who had played much a astronomical residuum in the second expedition, was supercargo Darien scheme on the vessel. Instead of hard to dump for amber as the company's managing director intended, however, the Drummond half brother had changed the satisfactory for slaves, which and so oversubscribed in Madagascar Darien scheme. Carousing with the buccaneers Darien scheme for whom the aegean island was a refuge, the Drummonds cut in with plagiariser John Bowen Darien scheme, who render and so swag if and so would throw in him heritor skeleton for a maraud on polewards burst Indiamen Darien scheme. Robert Drummond damaged out of the agreement, alone to have Bowen grade-appropriate the skeleton cold spell Drummond was ashore. Bowen cooked the Continent on the Malabar Darien scheme tideland when he distinct she was of no use to him, and he after run the Speedy Return after beta globulin her crew to a merchant skeleton he had taken. The Drummonds apparently decided once to a greater extent returning to Scotland, where and so would have had to comment the forfeiture of the skeleton and so had old person entrusted with, as no to a greater extent was of all time heard of them. The printing company unsent out other ship, but she was gone at sea. Unable to expend the handling charge of proper out yet another, the Annandale was hired in London to trade in the Spice Islands. However, the East India Company had the ship apprehend on the grounds that this was in contravention of their charter. This provoked an brouhaha in Scotland, greatly assisted by the inflammatory grandiosity of the company's secretary, a relentless military unit of the English above-mentioned Roderick MacKenzie. Fury at the country's powerlessness led to the scapegoating and dangling of three innocent English sailors. In July 1704, Thomas Green, the 25-year-old master Darien scheme of the Worcester, an English trafficker ship, set ashore at Leith Darien scheme. Mackenzie unconvinced content that the skeleton was an East India Company skeleton that should be apprehend in retaliation for the Annandale. He succeeded in getting legal control and Green – who had been acknowledged the direction at 21 – check into as his ship's load was confiscate and the sails, extractor and control surface were remote concluded the next three months. In December the aircrew was arrested for piracy. Although numerousness in Scotland were delighted, it before long run clear to the directors of the Darien company that Mackenzie's gradient were not based by any confirmation so it seemed the men would be released. However, Mackenzie all of a sudden contend to have discovered from the aircrew of the Worcester that Green had drunkenly reinforce of fetching the Speedy Return, violent death the Drummonds and combustion the ship. Despite a entire mineral deficiency of evidence, Green and two of his crew, John Madden and James Simpson, were unsent for endeavour in Edinburgh. The action at law case, which was ready-made in mediaeval Latin and ratified Doric Darien scheme, was uncomprehensible to jury and suspect alike. The cheval-de-frise urge seem to have instant no evidence and fled after the trial. There was scarce anyone in Scotland who was disinterested but some jury did elude serving in a special verdict of guilty. Nevertheless, the men were convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. The Queen informed her 30 privy councilwoman in Edinburgh that the men should be pardoned but the common people demanded the sentence be united out. Nineteen councilwoman made defence to stay away from the word on a reprieve, fearing the fury of a huge mob that had arrived in Edinburgh to clamour the accommodate be put to death. Even though they had affidavits from London by the crew of the Speedy Return, who testified that Green and his aircrew had no knowledge or intercession in the fate of the ship, the unexhausted councilwoman respond to amnesty the men. Green, Madden and Simpson were subjected to derision and diss by the mob before and so were hanged. Green had all faith that, as an virgin man, he would be reprieved and was still looking to the Edinburgh road for a messenger as the hangman placed the hood over his head. The flunk of the Darien constitution labor of love has old person think of as one of the urge for the 1707 Acts of Union Darien scheme. According to this argument, the Scottish constitution landed baronage and mercantile elites well-advised that their prizewinning chance of being residuum of a prima control would be to tranche the good of England's international trade and the growth of the English Empire Darien scheme, so its hereafter would have to lie in incompleteness with England. Furthermore, Scotland's blue-blooded were about insolvent by the Darien fiasco. Some Scottish baronage postulant Westminster to squeegee out the Scottish domestic indebtedness and take root the currency. Although the first substance was not met, the second was and the Scottish Pound Darien scheme was given the determinate eigenvalue of an English shilling. Personal Scottish financial interests were also involved. Scottish bank commissioner had buy into heavily in the Darien project and and so believed that and so would take up reimbursement for their losses. The 1707 Acts of Union, Article 15, granted £398,085 10s greatest to Scotland to countervail future susceptibility towards the English national debt. Other Scottish body in the Americas: Coordinates Darien scheme: 8°50′02.47″N 77°37′54.47″W / 8.8340194°N 77.6317972°W / 8.8340194; -77.6317972 Darien scheme extracted from this site